EARTH QUAKE BOOK – 1.
Poetess: Ayesha Ganapathy
Former Membar of Cine Censor Board
Dedicated to Madam, my first teacher
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PREFACE
Once it was proved that the earth was round, man under took long sea voyages. Through these voyages, he was able to explore many new land areas and he was surprised to learn about new animals which were living there. He also discovered many islands and made them his habitat.
Maps were drawn to aid in sea voyages. Researches were conducted to learn more about the landscape of continents and islands. Meanwhile space travel had also begun. It was found out that there were planets like earth and they also contained water. To aid man to inhabit them in future, space crafts to conduct excavations and explore those planets are in the making. There has been a lot of imagination and speculation about Aliens and the flora living in those neighboring planets.
In the same way, details regarding the researches conducted by Astronomers of different countries about the appearance of different planets have been then and there posted in the internet. Based on these findings, the research conducted by me showed that the stars that burnt themselves out and were still in gaseous state, got converted into planets when the metals which were in gaseous form in their centre hardened after the lighter gases on their surfaces were evaporated.
Similarly, it was also revealed that all the continents are also rising from the surface of the earth. This resulted in natural calamities like earth quakes and tsunami are effected. Moreover, now it had been found out that, due to the deep sea hot springs which have been gushing out water for millions of years had resulted in the formation of the seas and that the sea level is also raising.
I thank Vikadan Publications sincerely for coming forward to publish my book which is the brainchild of my profound research on this subject.
Yours sincerely,
K. Ponmudi
Research Scholar.
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CONTENTS
Page
1. The sub continent, India is continuously rising. 5
2. Under water mountains have risen to the surface. 6
3. Sedimentary rocks formed below the sea are visible on mountains. 9
4. Earth quake occurs due to the rising of island continents. 11
5. The continent of Europe is continuously rising. 15
6. Islands are continuously rising. 17
7. Isle of the dead is continuously rising. 18
8. In Iceland also the sea has risen. 19
9. The continent, Antarctica is continuously rising. 20
10. The continent, South America is continuously rising. 22
11. The continent, Australia is continuously rising. 22
12. The mystery of non sinking islands. 24
13. Is Pacific Ocean moving? 25
14. Is the shore of Atlantic Ocean expanding? 26.
15. Dinosaurs denote that the continents have not moved. 28
16. The Grand Canyon’s appearance. 31
17. Tremors on the Moon. 32
18. Tibet plateau opposing the view that continents are moving. 33
19. Mystic stone tongues. 34
20. Shivering sea side rocks. 35
21. Rama’s Bridge which was used by animals and humans. 38
22. Animals on islands – a puzzle. 43
23. Ice Land – some contradictions. 46
24. From where did sea water originate? 49
25. How did sea water become salty? 54
26. The height of the Himalayas – a contradiction. 57
27. The age of the Himalayas is much more. 58
28. How did kangaroos cross the sea? 59
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Page
29. Can monkeys and rabbits cross the Atlantic Ocean? 60
30. From where did the sand on Marina beach come from? 61.
31. Space Alagu 62
32. Our earth is also a star. 63
33. A moon sized heavenly body made of diamond. 64
34. Planets made of diamonds. 68
35. A planet which revolves around two stars. 70
36. How did planets form? Researchers’ views. 72
37. The transit of Jupiter. 76
38. A planet larger than earth in the form of a comet. 77
39. Two suns in a sky. 81
40. Three suns in a sky. 81
41. Hot gaseous bodies near stars. 84
42. Is it a giant planet? Or is it an intermediate star? 85
43. Hot gaseous bodies away from stars. 87
44. Giant planet revolving around a dwarf star. 88
45. Neighboring planet or star? 90
46. Planet or star? 92
47. An intermediate star revolving around another star. 93
48. Many planets are near us. 94
49. It is neither a planet nor a star. 95
50. The family of a giant planet. 96
51. A star is changing in to a planet. 97
52. A mountain in between comets. 97
53. A comet’s sub heavenly body. 98
54. The planets which are loosing their atmosphere. 98
55. Water from a star. 99
56. In search of another earth. 99
57. In magazines. 101
58. List of references cited. 115.
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The sub continent, India is continuously rising!
In Sarathamangalam, which is near Kallakkudi in Trichy district of Tamilnadu, the fossil of a sea anemone which lived millions of years ago has been found. Apart from this, the fossils of turtle and sea flora have been discovered at the same place which is about 100 kilometers from the sea.
These fossils came up when there were heavy rains and were discovered
Apart from accidentally. This news was reported in The Hindu daily, dated
06-09-2005. Based on this, it is proved that Trichy and other areas were on once beneath the sea. Then, why did the sea recede? It is because the sub
Continent, India is rising from below sea level upwards above sea level.
Similarly, in Gujrat near Kutch, the skeletons of whales which lived 43 million years ago have been discovered.
Picture: Sea fish in Tibet.
The skeleton of a whale which lived 50 million years ago has been discovered in the caves of Simla which is at the foot of the Himalayas. Apart from this, the fossils of a sea arthropod called Trilobite (three lobed) which lived 500 million years ago under water has been unearthed in a mountainous place called Zankaskar near Kashmir, some 16,400 feet high on the Himalayas.
Similarly, on the western part of India also skeletons of whales have been discovered in Pakistan and in the Sulaiman mountain ranges. Moreover, on the eastern side of India in Tibet, the skeleton of Ethiyosarus, a huge sea animal which lived 100 million years ago has been discovered at a small village called Dingiri
All these events prove that the sub continent, India was once beneath the sea and has come up above sea level and is still rising.
Picture: the skeletons of whales in the Sulaiman mountain range.
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. Under water mountains have risen to the surface
The sea moss and the coral reefs which grow in shallow waters where sunlight can reach are found on mountains all over the world.
Picture: Corals on Guadalupe mountain, ( Mexico).
Sea moss and the coral reefs are found in Canada in North America, Michigan in Central America, including Texas, Guadalupe mountain which is 3700 feet high in Mexico, Alps mountain in Europe, Ural mountain in Russia which is in Asia, in Siberia and Flinders mountain in Australia. *1
Picture:
Corals on Alps.
The reason for the sea moss, corals and the limestone produced by the secretions of sea creatures to be found on the mountain is, the mountain and its surrounding areas were once below the sea and have now risen up above sea level.
Picture: sand desert at the foot of Guadalupe mountain.
Moreover there is also a huge desert of salt at the foot of mount Guadalupe and this proves clearly that, this land surface has risen up from under the sea. When this land rose from below, the sea water that stagnated would have evaporated and created the salt desert.
During the recent under water earth quake near Sumatra which resulted in Tsunami and rocked the whole of South Asia, the sea bed near the island rose up to 5 feet high and exposed the coral reefs and sea moss. So, it is understood that, natural calamities like Tsunami, earth quakes and landslides occur only when mountains rise from inside the earth.
Picture: Coral reefs and sea moss exposed.
The remains of sea animals are all discovered all over the world only on mountains. To be specific, the fossils of a sea (three lobed) arthropod called Trilobite which lived 500 million (one million is equal to ten lakhs) years ago under water has been found on mountain rocks.
Picture: Trilobite
*1 Refer to list of references.
.
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The sea organisms which live in shallow waters get buried alive when there is a land slide along with soil and wet mud. Later when this portion of the shore rises up above sea level, these buried creatures after millions of years would have become fossils.
The continuous process of rising of mountains from below the sea, enables us to find the fossils of the sea organisms in rocks found on mountains. While the mountains continue to rise, the surrounding areas experience land slides and this in turn exposes the fossils of the embedded sea organisms.
The fossils of Trilobite have been found on the mountains of all the seven continents of the world and in more than thirty places on earth. This clearly shows that these mountains and continents have surfaced from below the sea.
Picture: Places where the fossils of Trilobite are found.
To be specific, thousands of fossils of Trilobite are found on the three continents surrounding the Pacific Ocean. *2
The continent of North America is situated on the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean. Burgess quarry which is situated on the Rocky Mountain in British Columbia, there are about 30, 000 fossils of Trilobite are found on the exposed slate. This place is about 500 miles away from the Pacific Ocean and at 8000 feet high above the sea level.
On the western side of the Pacific Ocean, the continent of Asia is situated. In the Jinjiang district of China recently numerous buried fossils of Trilobite have been discovered on the mountain regions. This mountain region is 350 miles away from the sea and 6200 feet above sea level.
On the southern region of the Pacific Ocean, the continent of Australia is located. On the southern side of this continent, Adelaide Harbour is situated. On Ediyacara mountain which is 650 kilometres on the northern side also fossils of Trilobite have been found. This mountain region is 1900 feet above sea level.
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Picture: K. Ponmudi.
The three places, where the buried fossils of Trilobite were found lie around the Pacific Ocean and are hundreds of miles away and thousands of feet higher than sea level which clearly shows that all these land surfaces have risen from the depth of the Pacific Ocean.
Pictures: 5 pictures.
An important feature to be noted is that all the land lies on one side and the Pacific Ocean on the other side. The total area of the Pacific Ocean is 5.9 million square miles. This is more than the area of all the land on the earth put together. Moreover the Pacific Ocean is connected with all the other oceans of the earth. Three fourths of water and one fourth of land is what we see on the earth. Hence, as the land rose gradually, the remains of sea animals are found on the mountains.
The fossils of a sea organism called Trilobite which lived 500 million years ago under water have been unearthed on the mountains all over the earth. This proves that millions of years ago, all these mountains were under the sea and have gradually risen above sea level. At many places on the mountains, sea shells have been found in abundance. Based on this, it can be argued that the seas may have receded from the mountains!
How do remains get preserved?
In the case of the fossils of Trilobite found on mountains, there is no reason to state that the seas would have receded from the mountains. It is because, when the land rises suddenly, land slides are caused and the sea organisms get buried in the mud and slush and when this rises above sea level, in due course they become fossils. Hence there is no question of sea receding and exposing the remains and fossils. The real reason for the fossils of Trilobite to be found on the mountains is that, the mountains which were under the sea have risen above the sea level.
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Moreover, as the fossils of the sea arthropod Trilobite are found on the seven continents of the world, it is proved that all the seven continents were once under the sea and have risen above sea level.
Sedimentary rocks formed below the sea are visible on mountains
Snake rocks
Basalt is a kind of rock which is found winding among the other rocks on mountains and these are commonly called snake rocks. Continents are formed by lighter granite rocks. The sea bed is made up of basalt which is stronger. This rock does not absorb water.
Picture: snake rock.
Recently, in a mountain near the Great Wall of China, basalt which is 2500 millions of years old has been excavated. Such rocks are formed only under water. The molten rock magma, which comes out with great force from the interior of the earth immediately gets cooled by the sea water and hardens to form these snake shaped basalt rocks.
The reason for these rocks which were formed under the sea to be found on the mountains is that, they had risen from under the sea.
Just like the fossils of Trilobite, these basalt rocks are also found on the mountains all around the world. *3 In India, these basalt rocks are found near Delhi on the western side of Aravalli Range which is the oldest mountain range in the world. Basalt is also found on the Naga Mountain in Nagaland and in Andaman islands.
Picture: Places where basalt is found.
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Basalt is also found on mount Troodos which is found in the island of Cyprus. So, as all the land has risen from under the sea, we find that the seas are surrounded and form the central sea land.
On the Alps, in Europe, at about a height of 3800 feet, basalt is found. As it is also found on islands like Papua New Guinea and Japan which surround the Pacific Ocean, it proves that all these islands, mountains and continents have risen from the bottom of the sea.
Pillow Lava Series Rocks
Picture: 1. Pillow rocks below the sea Picture2: Pillow rocks
On mount Troodos, which is found in the island of Cyprus, Oman, North America and Australia, looking like piled up jack fruits, rocks in the form of pillows are seen. These pillow rocks are also formed under the sea like basalt rocks.
The molten rock which is emitted by the volcanoes found under water gets suddenly cooled and forms a smooth layer. Similar to cotton being stuffed into pillows, the molten rock which keeps continuously flowing out enters this layer, makes it bulge and forms pillow lava series rocks. These are formed in the shape of a spherical or oval rock with a breadth of about one meter.
Lakes formed by basalt rocks.
Recently it has been discovered that, in the Indian Ocean, the molten rock material from the core of the earth has gushed out and has formed basalt rock on the ocean bed which may be equal to the area of London. Such formations are called basalt lakes. Deposits of such huge sized basalt are also found on the crust of the earth. Recently, the oldest basalt deposits have been unearthed. Similarly in Thakana Peeta Bhoomi in India, Siberia in Russia, rivers of South Carolina in Columbia at North America and Brazil in North America, deposits of basalt are found. *4.
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As the basalt which gushes out of the core and forms basalt on the sea bed are also found on the land surface, it is understood that once all these land areas were in the sea bed. This attributes to the fossils and bones of whales and other sea creatures which were found scattered on the different continents of the world.
Earthquake occurs due to the rising of island continents
Whales in deserts! Picture: Whale’s skeleton in the desert of Egypt
In an Egyptian desert in North Africa, the skeletons of five whales, three types of sea cows, two crocodiles, sea snakes and the teeth of a shark were found. The people of this place call it “Wadi Al Hitan*5 which means ‘The Valley of Whales’. Apart from this, on Mount Atlas in Morocco, which is also situated in the same North Africa, numerous fossils of Trilobites are found.
When ground was dug to lay the foundation for the construction of a building in the city of Urumki in China, at two meter depth rocks were located. On it, black colored small and large fossils of fishes ranging from 6 centimeters to 20 centimeters and looking like painting were found. *6. Though they were black in color, the scales, fins and tail were clearly embedded. When the researchers reveled that these fishes lived in the seas 200 million years ago, the people of the city were awe struck. The reason is that, this city has no connection with the sea. This place is situated 2500 kilometers on the west of Pacific Ocean, 3400 kilometers on the south of Arctic Ocean, 6900 kilometers on the east of Atlantic Ocean and 2200 kilometers on the north of Indian Ocean!
Picture: Urumki
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Recently, a 72 feet whale’s skeleton was found in England. *7 In North America, at the coastal areas like Florida, South Carolina and Alabama and in the central region of Maryland Island, the skeletons of whales are unearthed often. In addition to this, in South America, on the western side of Mount Peru, hundreds of whale skeletons are found.
In India, near Kashmir, on the mountain region of Zanskar and in Spiti and Lahul valleys the fossils of Trilobite are found. *8. This place is 16,400 feet above sea level. In a mountain cave at Shimla, the jaw bone of a whale which lived 53 million years ago has been found. * 9. Apart from this, on the Arabian sea coastal area of Gujarat at the Rann of Kutch, the skeletons of whales which lived 45 million years ago were unearthed. 10.
The fossils of Trilobite which lived 500 million years ago were discovered on very high altitudes on the Himalayas and the bones of a whale which lived 53 million years ago was found at the foot of the Himalayas in Shimla. As the skeletons of whales which lived 45 million years were unearthed at the Rann of Kutch, we understand that, first the Himalayan region would have risen and following which Shimla and Kutch would have risen above sea level.
Moreover, earthquakes are occurring as India is rising from the earth. When the rising rocky plates rub against the rocky plates which are stable and not rising, earth tremors are caused.
Hence, earth tremors are caused in the central regions and not in the peripheral areas.
For example, on 22nd May, in the year 1997, an earthquake occurred in Jabalpur situated in Madhya Pradesh. *11. Earthquake did not occur in the nearby regions. This was due to the rising of that particular area alone. In the same way, the reason for earthquakes to occur frequently in the Rann of Kutch at Gujarat is that, it is frequently rising above the sea level.
The reason for earthquakes occurring in the areas of the Pacific is that, the peripheral areas of the continents of North America, South America and Australia are rising frequently.
Picture
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Picture: Rising Moreover, the edges of continents slant downwards and Land area. reach the sea. They also penetrate deep into the earth. In other
words, the land which had risen upwards from the sea in the form of a ramp consists of fossils and bones of many sea animals, sea moss and coral reefs on its crust and mountains and this proves that the land area had risen from the sea bed.
Picture: Islands
in the form of an arc
As the continents surrounding the Pacific Ocean are rising from the sea bed, earthquakes as well as cracks appear on the land. As the molten rock material, magma gushes out of these cracks, volcanoes are formed. These volcanoes joined together to form volcanic islands like Japan and Philippines. This is the reason why these islands have taken a shape similar to that of the border of the continent of Asia. In the same way, the island of New Zealand has been formed similar to the eastern border of Australia.
These islands also rise from the sea bed because, though ice is formed from water, it is of lower density and floats on water. Similarly inside the earth, the areas which were formed by the cooling of the molten rock material is of a lower density than the molten rock and rise upwards and when they come above the water level, they form islands. When these islands rise up from the earth, cracks are formed on the ocean floor and Trenches like Mariana and Philippines are formed. Picture
The borders of the continents Europe and Australia rise steep from the ocean floor. Similarly the rock formations of Normandy which also has a steep rising border at Europe and Beachy Head areas often face slight tremors. It is because these places are rising from the earth.
Picture: Normandy.
On the borders of Wedge island which is close to Australia, the rocks are found
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Picture: Australia- beach.
in different layers which is visible outside. The layers of rocks are formed inside the earth and rise upwards forming islands and large land surfaces above sea level.
Picture: Wedge island’s border.
Diamonds are found in all continents. Diamonds are formed 200 kilometers deep inside the earth. *12. But the carrot shaped volcanic tubes called “Kimberlite” which bring these diamonds above the surface of the earth are only two kilometers deep. When
Picture: Kimberlite pipe
the rocky plates formed from molten rock inside the earth rises upwards, it pushes the rocky plate already formed above it upwards. As the molten rock cools down slowly inside the earth, rocky plates are formed. When the rocky plates are rising, the molten rock which gets trapped in between these plates pierces the weaker upper layer when pressure increases and explodes and erupts as a volcano.
Picture: Places where diamonds are found.
Such rising rocky plates bring up the diamonds which are formed deep inside the earth, above the surface of the earth. Similarly, the rising rocky plates are responsible for the formation of hot water springs, white smoke and muddy springs.
Picture: Cratons
Diamonds are found on all the seven continents. They are mostly found in the central part of the continents called craton which is the oldest rocky area. *13. There are more than twenty cratons all over the earth. These cratons have been on land for a very long period of time.
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period of time. Moreover for the diamonds to form and rise to the surface, a long duration of stability is needed. So, continents are structures which are stable and do not move here and there.
Moreover, for a depth of about 40 kilometers, only rocky plates are seen. Below lies the molten rock material called “Moho” and this is found in layers. Through various researches conducted with the waves created by earth tremor, this has been found out. In many places on the earth, this molten rock material called “Moho” has pierced the crust and has come out to the surface. To be specific, at Newfoundland island a “Moho” mountain has been formed. Similarly in Ice age, the molten rock material called “Moho” has come out as rocks. As the molten rock material which is at 600 kilometers deep has come out at places like North America, we can say that islands and continents are immovable.
The continent of Europe is continuously rising
On all the continents found on earth, caves are seen on the sea shore. To be specific, surrounding the continent Europe, there are numerous sea caves. *14. These sea caves are formed due to the erosion caused by the sea. The roofs of caves thus formed are 20 or 30 feet above sea level.
Picture: Places where sea caves are found.
Small ships can travel through most of the caves. How could have the roofs of caves which were formed due to the erosion by the sea have gone up to such a height?
Many sea caves are found on the sea shore many hundreds of feet away from the sea and many feet high from the sea level. Many sea caves are also found dry without water.
All these caves, the islands on which they are situated, the land surfaces and the continents show us clearly that the land is continuously rising from the sea. They say that when two land surfaces collide with each other, mountain ranges are formed. But, this (in the picture) mountain region shows clearly that it did not form by the collision of a land.
Picture: A ship traveling through a cave.
The sea level is different in different places.
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Similarly when the sea level surrounding Europe was monitored by satellite for a long period, it has been found out that the sea level is rising at different rates in different places. How the same sea level can be low at a particular place and rise at other places? The sea level is measured in comparison with the nearby land level. That is, the waves that are got back from the satellite are sent back on the land and the sea at the same time.
Picture: The sea level is different in different places
When these waves collide with the land and the sea bed and return, from the difference in speed with which they return helps us to calculate the level of the water in the sea. With the help of the details thus collected and compared, it has been found out that the sea level is different at different places surrounding the continent of Europe.*15.
Though it has been said that the reason for this is that the land in that area is higher, researchers are of a different opinion. They call this rise as Glacial Isostatic Adjustment. They say that, previously layers of snow was exerting a pressure on Europe and that, now these have melted and so the land is rising further . Specifically they say, Scotland, which is on the northern side of Europe is rising fast and is gaining more height than South England.
But, this is not a proper explanation. The fossils of the arthropod, Trilobite are found in Dudley, situated in central England. So, including England the whole of Europe has risen from the seabed 500 million years ago and is still rising. Iceland surfaced only 12 thousand years ago. But the fossils of Trilobite assure that 500 million years ago the continent of Europe had started rising and is still continuing to rise.
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Islands are continuously rising
Picture
In the same way, near the islands which are situated in the sea near Australia also the level of the sea has been found to vary in different places. *16. The main reason for the difference in sea level is that these islands are rising in different speeds.
In the small streak like Andaman Island in the Indian Ocean, many sea caves are found. Below these caves, tourists go on boat rides. The sea caves’ upper curve is in such a height. The reason for the curvature of the caves that were formed due to erosion by the sea to be found at such a height is that Andaman Island is rising from the seashore. It is not possible for the Indian Ocean which is surrounding the Andaman Island to suddenly decrease. There is one more proof to show that Andaman Island is rising: the snake / basalt rocks which are formed under the sea are found on Andaman Island.
Only due to the rising of Andaman Island from the sea bed, earthquakes often occur there. The rising rocky plate’s edges below the island rub up and down against the non-rising neighboring earth plates which results in earthquakes.
Therefore, the reason for the earthquakes is only the rising of the land and for the land slides also only the rising of the land is responsible.
When a part of the land rises, below the surrounding land areas an open space is created. When it rains, the rain water fills up this space which makes the soil marshy and results in land slides.
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The caves which are found on the edge of the seashore become caves on mountains when the land rises.
Picture: The spherical caves.
In the mountainous region of Srilanka, many spherical caves have formed. The spherical caves show us clearly that while Srilanka was rising, these caves were formed due to the erosion by the surrounding sea water. The most important thing to be noted here is that the lands surrounding these caves have only encountered severe land slides which are clearly shown by the map. So, when the land and mountains rise, land slides result.
Picture: Places where land slides occur
Isle of the Dead is continuously rising.
There is another very clear proof to show that the islands are rising. On the world map, near Antarctica Ross Sea is marked. Captain Sir. James Clark Ross went on an expedition from Britain to Antarctica in two ships during 1841 and it is named after him.
Picture: Isle of the Dead
After his expedition in Antarctica, Captain Ross on his way to Britain rested for a while in Tasmania Island which is near Australia. Along with Thomas Lempriere, a researcher carved a 20 centimeter length benchmark of a rising sun on a rock on the sea shore to mark the average level of the sea and to signify that they were conducting a research on the level of the sea water. *17. As they did not want anyone to erase it, they chose the Isle of the Dead which was a deserted spot
Picture: The symbol of the rising sun.
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This island is near Tasmania. As this island was used to bury only dead people, it was called Isle of the Dead. They chose a rock where there was not much of waves and carved a straight line on which they drew like the rays of the sun diverging from it. This symbol was carved on the 1st of July in the year 1841. To be precise, 160 years ago from this day the symbol was carved. Today, the level of the sea is 30 centimeters lower than the symbol. Hence, this incident also makes it clear that the land is rising.
During the Ice age also the sea has risen.
Even in Ice age, it has come to our notice that there have been a lot of differences in the sea level within a short period of time. This too has surprised the scientists. Due to change in the temperatures in the polar areas, the snow layers keep melting and when there is snow fall again, the snow layers keep forming again which produce differences in the level of the sea.
Usually, this rise and fall will be 100 feet in one lakh of years.
Scientists are of the opinion that this change in the level of the sea would have taken place in one lakh of years due to the changes that occurred on the orbit on which the earth revolves around the sun. Other than that, the scientists were under the impression that twelve thousand years ago the level of the sea in Ice age was stable.
When this was the prevailing condition, two scientists of the Columbia University, William Thomson and Steven L Goldstein have discovered a new method in which, by studying the amount of radio active uranium present in the fossils of the sea moss deposited on the land, we can find out accurately how the level of the sea had been thousands of years ago. *18.
On the basis of this when they conducted a research, it had been found that, in Ice age also huge changes have occurred in the sea level. There had been changes in about 30 meters height. This is an unexpected and surprising happening. This event has taken place between the years 3000 and 9000.
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In Ice age where the temperature does not fluctuate, what is the reason for the variation in sea level?
Imagine that there is a large lake with many mountains in it and these mountains are moving here and there. Here, there is no possibility of increase or decrease in the level of the lake. At the same time, imagine that these mountains are rising at different speed. Now the level of the lake will vary at different places to a great extent.
Similarly when the mountains, islands and continents in Ice age rose from under the sea at different rates, there was variation in the sea level at different places. So, when continents move, there is no possibility of the sea level decreasing or increasing. Hence it proves beyond doubt that the mountains, islands and continents are rising from under the earth. Due to this, the rocky plates rub against each other up and down resulting in earthquakes.
The continent, Antarctica is continuously rising
In March 2002, on the eastern corner, Peninsular area, in the continent of Antarctica situated at the South Pole, the ice sheets which form on the land and extend on the sea suddenly broke into hundreds of pieces and were thrown in all directions. This incident surprised and stunned the scientists. Geologist Eugene Dumag of the Michigan University stated “This is a new event which has never happened before”.*19. David Wagon, a research scholar of the British Antarctic Research center has stated, “It is difficult to believe that 500 billion ton of glacier had disintegrated in thirty five days.”
Picture: (South Pole) Crack on the layers of ice
Generally, due to the changes in temperature the layers of snow and ice at the poles melt very slowly into water and mix with the sea.
To discuss the reason for the sudden breaking of the glacier on 4th and 5th April 2002, more than 60 scientists from 12 countries assembled in Hamilton College and discussed. It was announced that, the defective formation of the glacier was only responsible for its disintegration.
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Why should the formation of the glacier suddenly disintegrate?
The layers of ice are spread out continuously on the land as well as the sea. The truth is when the Peninsular area of Antarctica rose upwards, the formation was affected and it broke into pieces. This part of Antarctica is under the British and hence the arthropod Trilobite’s fossils have been found. So the reason for the sudden breakage is that this particular continent is rising.
Picture: Antarctic Trilobite.
Similarly in Greenland at North Pole, sheets of ice covering the island had long cracks and these started sliding faster than before.
In the North Pole area near the border of Ellesmere Island is an ice shelf called Ward Hunt on which many cracks have formed during 2002. *20.
Picture: Arctic ice shelf breaks apart.
Appearance of cracks on the ice shelves and these cracks breaking them, which had been silent for the past three thousand years is only due to the difference in the rate of rising of the land surface and damaging the structure of the ice shelves.
A European research scholar, Dr.Remco Charu after conducting a research through the satellite, ERS-1 has stated that, the level of the Arctic Ocean in the North Pole region is reduced by 2.17 millimeters starting from1995 – 2003. According to this theory, temperature rise is not the reason for the cracking and breaking of the ice shelves. It is because, the increase in the temperature would have resulted in the melting of ice and increased the ocean level. But, the level has decreased! So, it becomes clear that the rising of the islands is responsible for the cracking of the ice shelves and the lowering in the level of the ocean.
Picture: Cracks on the Arctic ice shelf.
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The Continent of South America is continuously rising.
Picture
Similar to the finding of fossils in the deserts, huge deposits of salt is also found.
The largest salt deposit of the world has been discovered in the desert region of Uyuni which is situated on the south western side of Bolivia in South America. This salt desert is of an area of 4600 square miles. Ten billion tons (1 billion = 100 crores) of salt is found here. This place is situated 11 thousand feet high from sea level. When seen from there only salt is seen in all directions as far as the eye could see and so this area appears as a white region.
Picture: Deposits of salt as far as the eye could see.
Similarly in Kavir desert in the Plateau of Iran, Death Valley in the central part of North America, Atacama Desert in South America, Great Victoria Desert in central Australia, Kalahari Desert and in Botswana in South Africa and Sahara Desert in North Africa, large deposits of salt are found. How could have salt of such magnitude be formed in deserts?
Already the fossils of sea organisms have been unearthed in deserts. So it is confirmed that all these deserts had been under the sea once upon a time and later have surfaced above from below the sea. When the sandy area rose above the sea level, some areas were lower and the sea water which stagnated in due course got evaporated and the large deposits of salt were formed.
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The Continent of Australia is continuously rising
Robert Bagger is a research scholar in the New England University of Australia.
Every Sunday to take rest, he used to visit the Sydney Harbor where he once played and enjoyed with his friends when he was young.
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Incidentally one day, on the rocks he saw many nests made of lime and those resembled the nests of wasps. These nests were the nests of tubeworms which live in the sea. But, seeing it at such a height was something abnormal. The nests were about 7 feet above sea level where much erosion had not occurred.
Picture: Nests of round insects.
These tubeworms need to be in water for at least six hours for survival. Under these circumstances, what could be the reason for the nests being built 7 feet above sea water level?
Picture: Un-eroded nests.
Bagger was able to arrive at only one explanation. That is, the sea level in Sydney harbor has decreased by seven feet. And this must have taken place recently. If it had happened long before, the nests would have been eroded to a greater extent.
Immediately he conveyed the information to Professor Peter Blood and Dr. Bob Havarth and they decided to conduct an elaborate research.
Subsequently, they went to the island New Caledonia which is 600 miles away from Australia and searched for the nests of the tubeworms. Curiously, there also they found the tubeworms’ nests at a height where the sea waves could not touch them.
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Next, in island of Madagascar found near Africa in the Indian Ocean, in South Corona on the border of North American sea shore, and in South America on the sea shore of Brazil, they found the insects’ nests at a height above the sea level and based on their findings of 8 years, they finally disclosed that the sea level has gone down. *21. But, they did not reveal why it has dropped. Where did all the sea water go? What happened to it? There was no explanation for these. It is more than three billion years since the seas were formed. It is not possible for the sea to reduce its level throughout the world. So, only the continents have risen. This is the reason for the insects’ nests seen at a height above the sea level.
Picture: New Caledonia
The mystery of non sinking islands
I will disclose another important matter. In the year 1990, environmental scientists released a very important report. In that they had stated that the atmosphere is heated too much and so the glaciers are melting and due to this action, within ten years the sea level will rise. They warned that when this happens, all the nine tiny islands like Tuvalu and Vanuatu will get submerged in the sea. Immediately, the President of Tuvalu which is in the Pacific Ocean wrote a letter to the president of New Zealand. He had stated that as per the calculations of the environmentalists, their island will get submerged in ten years time and in case such an event takes place, shelter has to be provided on compassionate grounds to the inhabitants of the island
Picture: Island Tuvalu
treating them as environmental refugees. Ten years passed but, no island sank! At the same time, the scientists of NASA had found out through research that in the polar region, ice has melted and fifty billion tons of water had mixed with the sea. Though enormous amount of water flowed into the sea why the islands did not sink? Interestingly, when the level of sea was checked near the islands, the sea level was found to be two and a half inches lower than before. This incident clearly shows us that the islands are rising.
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Is Pacific Ocean moving? Research Scholars’ Opinion
As they say that the continents are moving, they also say that the seabed is also moving. To support this opinion, they are showing the structure of the volcanic islands like Hawaii, kawai and Ovaha as proof.
Picture:
That is, the hot molten rock material from the core of the earth pierces the Pacific sea bed and comes to the surface. At the same time, the Pacific sea bed moves in North West direction. It was said that due to this movement the Hawaiian Islands appeared in a row in the North West. *22.
Aleutian Trench
Along the Hawaiian Ridge, 1400 miles away from Hawaii, an island called Midway is situated. Starting from there, the line of volcanic islands deviates from northwest direction and faces north. The aerial view of this curve appears like the curved leg of a dog and so this curved region is called “Aleutian Trench”.
Picture: Aleutian Trench
It is said that, 47 million years ago the Pacific plate was moving towards north and suddenly it changed the direction and started moving in north westerly direction. But till this day, nobody has given any acceptable explanation as to why the Pacific plate suddenly changed the direction of its movement. In fact, the continents of Asia, Australia, North America and South America are continuously rising from the earth. The truth is, due to this upward movement, a large crack has formed on the Pacific seabed and the molten rock material is oozing out and this has resulted in the formation of the Hawaiian volcanic ridge.
Is it due to the seabed moving on a hot center, that these volcanic ridges and
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Picture: Volcanic ridges of the Pacific Ocean.
island chains came into existence? To prove this, the rock found on the island which appeared first should have the oldest rock formation and the rocks of Hawaii island which was formed later should have the newest rock formation is normally expected. But the research conducted on Easter islands did not show any change in age.
Moreover, when the direction of the other underwater mountain ranges is taken into consideration, it seems that the Pacific seabed should be moving in more than two directions. This is not possible. Hence, stating that similar to the movements of the continents, the sea bed is also moving is a wrong theory.
Is the ocean bed of Atlantic Ocean expanding? Opinion of research scholars
Another explanation is give to substantiate that continents are moving. They quote the S - shaped Mid Atlantic Ridge which is a 80,000 miles long mountain range as a proof for this.
Picture.
In this region, the molten rock comes out and produces new rocky plates. As the new rocky plate forms on the upper region, it dashes against the existing adjacent rocky plates and pushes them; and due to this, the Atlantic Ocean bed expands and expands on both sides. They continue to say that this causes the continents of America and Australia to move in the opposite directions.
A question arose: if so, the diameter of the earth should increase. The answer given was, such newly formed rocky plates went through the Trenches found in the deeper part of the Pacific Ocean into the earth and were destroyed. (But how could the rocky plate of lesser density go inside the molten rock which is of higher density? There is no answer for this).
Another research scholar asked that if it was so, was the Pacific Ocean shrinking? No satisfactory answer has been given for this question till now.
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According to this concept, new rocky plates of 80,000 mile length are formed. But the length of the Trenches found in the deeper part of the Pacific Ocean into which these rocky plates go and get destroyed are only 35,000 miles long! Apart from this, the mountain and mountain ranges formed due to the collision of the rocky plates are only 9,000 miles. According to this theory, among the rocky plates formed, only half gets destroyed. Hence, this view was also discarded as it could not be accepted.
The basis for the theory that, the Atlantic Ocean floor is expanding has also been found incorrect. That is, the central portion where the new rocky plates are formed, the age of the rocks should be much lesser and as they move towards the continents, the age of the rocks should be more. But, where the new rocky plates are formed itself, there are under-water mountains which have rocks as old as billions of years. So this concept is also not correct.
Is it true that continents are moving? Opinions of research scholars.
They say that the continents that are found on the surface of the earth are moving by floating on the Asthenosphere which consists of molten rock like ships cut through water and sail. By checking the waves caused due to tremors, it has been found out that the Asthenosphere of molten rock is not found continuously below the continents and the sea. So, to say that the continents are moving is similar to saying that without the track trains are moving and without water ships are sailing on the land.
But, showing that when the sea shores of the continents of Africa and America are joined together, they match well and it is stated that all the continents were together before. Is it true? More than 30 experts tried to join the edges of all the continents with the help of the computer but failed miserably.
When the western sea shore border was joined to the eastern seashore of the continent America, it did not fit correctly. When Mexico in the central portion was cut and pasted, its edges fitted correctly. But, 2 billion year old rocks are found in Mexico. So Mexico region cannot be left out. Hence, stating that the edges of continents fit correctly is incorrect. The continents had never been together at any point of time.
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The most important point is that the continents are of different heights. The highest continent among all continents is Antarctica. Its height is approximately 5800 feet. The next in the line is Asia which is of 3200 feet high. The continent which is of the least height is Australia. Its height is approximately 300 feet above sea level. Hence, all the continents could never have been together.
Dinosaurs prove that the continents did not move and the fossils of Trilobites show that the continents are rising in height.
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South America and Africa are separated by the Atlantic Ocean. But, in both these continents the bones of the giant sized lizard, Mesosaurs which is a variety of dinosaurs are found.
Based on this, Albert Wagner, a meteorological researcher raised a question as to how the same type of animal could be found in different continents when they are separated by oceans and concluded that previously they should have been one single continent. But, at that time this idea was vehemently opposed.
Picture: Bering Strait.
In the Bering Strait which separates North America from Russia’s Siberia, the land rose first and served as a bridge of land for all animals like woolly mammoth, wild buffaloes, lions, bears rabbits and cave men.
To support this theory, in Siberia, in the Yana river valley, the Stone Age tools used by man and numerous bones of animals were found. * 23.
The bones of the dinosaur, Saropod which lived much before this period were also found in numerous quantities.
Picture: Beringia
Like this land bridge which is known as Beringia there should have been many land bridges between continents, through which the dinosaurs would have moved and spread. Researchers said that other than this it was not possible for the continents to move.
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Wagner refused to believe the concept about land bridges but argued that continents are moving.
Picture:
200 million years ago, a huge continent named Pangaea got divided in to two continents called Laurasia and Gondwana.
150 million years ago the continent Gondwana broke in to many pieces and formed South America, Africa, Australia and India.
Picture:
Among this, India moved in a north eastern direction, crossed the equator 45 million years ago and collided with the continent Asia. On account of this, the Himalayas were formed. Wagner also said that this was cause for the earthquakes to occur there.
Picture:
The dinosaurs which were the proof for Wagner‘s concept of moving continents have today become the opposing features.
The recently unearthed skull of dinosaur at the riverside of Narmadha, when studied has been found to have existed 95 million years ago and its close relatives have been living in South America and Africa.
Professor Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago has said, “We cannot get the closely related species without transport”. *24.
The problem here is that according to Pangaea’s concept, all these continents got separated 150 million years ago and have been isolated by the seas and oceans. So, the question now is that, how a species which evolved after that period spread to other continents?
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Is the Pangaea concept true?
According to the Pangaea concept, India was an island continent 65 million years ago. Dinosaurs which evolved during that period and lived in the other parts of the world had no opportunity to enter India. It was because, India was surrounded by sea. But, the skeletons of dinosaurs have been found in many parts of India. Taking this into consideration, and according to the Pangaea concept that continents keep moving, India had never been an island continent. It is proved that as at present; it had joined Asia. Only if it had happened, the dinosaurs could have come into India.
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Now Wagner‘s followers have explained that, the continent Gondwana should have got separated at a later stage about 100 million years ago and even after that there should have been many temporary land bridges between continents for a period of time, through which the dinosaurs would have traveled to and fro.
But, the full opposing factor in this case is the dinosaur, Saropod which evolved 65 million years ago. This dinosaur which lived in many parts of India and its close relatives had been living in South America and Madagascar Island in Africa.
According to the Pangaea concept, India was a separate island continent which had detached it self from Africa and moved thousands of miles and was near the equator. It had not yet come near the continent of Asia. There had been sea in between India and Asia. How could the dinosaurs, Saropods have reached India?
Pictures.
Professor Jeffery Wilson of the University of Michigan has said, “The statement that India had moved has not been substantiated with direction and time”.
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But, Paleontologists have said that, fifty million years ago that is even before Mount Everest came into being Saropod dinosaurs had entered India from the North. According to this theory, it is proved that India had always been part of the continent, Asia.
Picture.
Dinosaurs have lived in Antarctica and Australia. Similar to the land bridge which was formed in Bering Strait area due to the rising of the land which made the sea recede and paved way for animals to move from one place to another, there is a possibility that, there could have been many land bridges between continents through which the dinosaurs could have migrated to various places. Hence, the continents did not move; it is only the animals which moved from one place to another. When the land rises, the sea recedes in that area and using the land that is visible, the animals move from one continent to another.
If continents do not move, how do earthquakes occur? Earthquakes occur only due to the rising of the land from below the sea above sea level. The fossils of sea animals that are found on thousands of feet high mountains including the Everest are the best examples for this.
The Grand Canyon’s appearance – my opinion
The Grand Canyon is a structure, formed by layers of rocky plates is one of the wonders of the world and was formed below the sea and has risen up.
In the beginning when the earth was a planet made of molten rock, the upper layers slowly cooled and in different layers sedimentary rocks were formed.
During very cold season, pipes that bring drinking water burst due to the freezing of the water inside them. It is because when water freezes, it expands and takes up more space.
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Picture
In the same way when the molten rock cools, its thickness increases. Moreover, as the density of the rocks is lesser than the molten rock, they rise upwards.
Picture.
At the same time, they expand and occupy more area. The Grand Canyon is formed by such sedimentary rocks which rose up and expanded. Below the sea at 3000 meters depth and in the center of the sea also, structures like the Grand Canyon are found.
The Grand Canyon in North America has in it the fossils of Trilobite, sea shells and snails, which shows us that this land surface of the Grand Canyon has risen from below the sea.
When a part of the land rises, there are land slides in the surrounding areas in which the living things of the sea get buried. Later, when these portions of the land rise above the sea level, due to land slides the fossils get exposed.
Tremors on the Moon
One more proof for stating that earth quakes occur due to the rising of the land are the tremors that occur on the moon.
There are no continents on the moon. But, there are mountains, elevations and craters on the moon. Moreover moon quakes occur on the moon. Stating that the movement of the land only causes quakes is incorrect, because there are no continents on the moon. Hence, the rising of the land is the primary cause for earthquakes to occur.
Mountains formed by sedimentary rocks. Valleys and rocks are found on the planet, Mars too. But, there is no water in Mars. The truth that we understand from this is that, these sedimentary rocks are not formed by deposits of sediments. Instead, they have been formed by the gradual cooling of the molten material inside the earth and rise upwards.
Moreover, Cape Town which is in the southern end of South Africa, has on its flat
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mountains along the sea shore, numerous fossils of sea animals. All over the world, there are around 30 thousand mountains below the sea. Below the Pacific Ocean, there are many flat surfaced mountains called KUYATS. So, the mountains and their surrounding land areas have only risen above the surface of the sea. Mountains are not formed due to the collision of two land areas.
KUYATS
Below the sea also there are many flat surfaced mountains. These are called KUYATS. The important thing is that, below the Pacific Ocean, there are thousands of KUYATS. So, when the molten rock gradually cools and hardens inside the earth, rocky plates are formed in different layers which rise upwards and form the flat surfaced mountains below the sea. Later when the surrounding land also rose upwards as continents, flat surfaced mountains are found above the land too.
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Tibet plateau challenges the view that continents are moving
The upper part of the earth is formed by layers of rocks. On an average, these rocks are of 35 kilo meters height. These rocky plates keep moving. The broad belief is that, while moving, if they rub against each other, earthquakes occur and if two plates directly collide with each other mountains are formed.
The best proof shown by most of the researchers for this is that, India had moved northwest and collided with Asia, which resulted in the formation of the Himalayas and Tibet plateau. But, below Tibet plateau for about 70 kilo meters, there are many layers of rock.
When two bread slices are made to collide with each other, though the place where they are joined together rises up, the height of the bread slices will remain the same and does not change. But the height of the rocky plates found below the Tibet plateau is twice the height of the rocky plates found in other areas.
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Pictures ( 5 )
The height of the Tibet plateau above the earth and the rocky plates below the water are the same. So the molten rock inside the earth has only cooled and formed rocky plates which have risen above the sea level. And so, it proves that, the collision of two rocky plates has not formed Tibet plateau.
Another proof for Tibet rising from below the sea is the unearthing of the bones of a dolphin shaped lizard called Icthyosaurus which lived in the sea 100 million years ago at a place known as Dingiri at Tibet. This place is 16 thousand feet above sea level.
Mystic stone tongues
In North Africa, on Atlas Mountain situated at Morocco, the teeth of white sharks
Picture: Stone tongue. Picture
were found. This place is 2000 meters above sea level. How did the teeth of shark come to be on this mountain? The reason is that, this mountain had been below the sea millions of years ago. Fossils of Trilobite are also found on this Atlas Mountain.
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The people of the Island, Malta which is found in this area, wear certain tongue shaped mystic stones called stone tongues on their necks. There is an interesting story behind this.
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Pictures: 2
When St. Paul was on his way to Malta in the year 60 B C, his ship wrecked and sank in the middle of the sea. Luckily, he was carried by the waves and was found on the sea shore of the island, in an unconscious state. At that time, a poisonous snake had bitten him on the island. But, the snake’s poison did not affect him. The people of the island still believe that, it was only because he had those stone tongues with him, the poison did not affect him.
February 10th the day St. Paul’s ship sank is still observed as a national holiday there. Actually the stone tongues found scattered all over the island were in fact, the teeth of sharks! The people of the island still believe that, these stone tongues have the power of counteracting snake poison. So, before they drink liquor, they dip these stone tongues in to it once and then consume the liquor.
The scattered teeth of the sharks prove that once upon a time this island had been the sea bed and then had risen up above sea level. Most of the caves found on the sea shore of this island have been formed due to the erosion by sea waves. But, tourists go boating into these caves and enjoy themselves. The roofs of these caves have risen up to such height! This is because the island is still rising.
Shivering sea side rocks (Crumbling Cliff)
The borders of the continents, Europe and Australia are many hundreds of feet higher than the sea shore and extend for many miles and appear like a wall.
These sea side rocks often break in many areas and fall down. The reason is that, these rocks keep shivering often. So they are referred to as shivering rocks. This has resulted in land slides and many houses have been buried.
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Four tourists sun bathing on the sand of the sea shore in Ukraine got trapped in the sand and died due to the land slide that occurred suddenly.
In America, in the sea shore of California, such land slides occur frequently. Shivering rocks are very famous in England also.
The Beachy Head sea shore rocks in South England which kept falling down have destroyed the rocks and extended up to the sea side living area. Hence an entire village had to be evacuated.
Picture
In the same way due to the falling of the Beachy Head shivering rocks in Sussex, to protect the age old Belle Tout light house, using the rocket carrying vehicles the government moved it away from there.
Similarly, the government has been requested to protect the war memorial near the shivering rocks at the sea shore of Brighton. Moreover, the shivering rocks in Oddicombe keep shivering often and many rocks keep falling and so the government has planned to protect the nearby railway station and tourist resort by securing the sides of the rocks with wire mesh.
Why should the rocks on the sea shore shiver?
The reason for this is, when the continents rise, the rocky plates which are below the continent rub up and down on the adjacent rocky plates which are not rising causing the rocks to vibrate. The frequent turbulence of the sea at Kanyakumari is due to the tremors caused by the rocky plates rising below it. Moreover the frequent occurrence of the mud slides and the rocky landslides in the mountain regions of Ooty and Assam are attributed to the rising of those mountains.
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Shivering borders of sea shore
86 percent of the thousand one hundred mile length of the Californian sea shore is shivering due to land slides. Land slides continue to take place even in dry seasons.
Previously people used to compete with each other to buy the houses situated on the sea edge facing the sea. But now, many houses have been affected by land slides. Some houses are hanging dangerously from very high rocks and some have fallen in to the sea and have caused the lives of people.
So the real estate people who build houses in this area are forced to guarantee that this place will be stable for 100 years.
But, the insurance companies have announced that they will not cover land slides in insurance. Similarly in Britain’s Yorkshire area, within 10 years, 50 million pounds had to be spent to prevent land slides on the 72 kilometer length of Biles Bay region. As the land slides often take place during the night, steps have also been taken to monitor continuously with the help of satellites.
For this purpose, 2 satellites, E.S.A. and E.R.S. have been fitted with Kodak D.C.S.=600 digital camera and a micro light with G.P.S. receiver and is being monitored. Similarly on the sea shore of Scotland, 12,000 forts have been affected. Among these, more than hundred have historical importance. These are also notable national attractions which lure tourists and help to earn foreign exchange.
Why the houses, forts and light houses have been pushed to the stage of crumbling? The reason is, all the continents are rising from below the sea and coming above the sea level.
Once upon a time our earth was a planet of molten rocks which cooled down gradually, due to which the surface of the earth had numerous sedimentary rock ridges which constituted the crust.
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As the molten rock, magma contains 8 to 14 percent of water, when the earth’s crust was formed the water got separated and formed the sea. Later when the molten rock inside the earth got cooled and hardened, larger rocky plates were formed.
As the ice which is of lower density floats on water, these rocky plates which are of a lower density than the molten rock, rise up to the surface of the molten rock and pushed the rocky crust already formed and this made the large land surfaces called continents to rise above sea level. We are living on this land surface. This land is rising once in a while due to which earthquakes occur.
Is it only because the level of the sea dropped that fossils of sea animals are found on the land and mountains?
90 percent of the ice on the earth is found on the continent of Antarctica. These ice sheets have remained without melting for thousands of years. Even if all these ice sheets melt completely and become water and enter the sea, the sea level will rise only (61m) 200 feet high.
Next is Greenland Island with maximum amount of ice. Even if all the ice melts completely and enters the sea, the sea level will rise only (7m) 20 feet high. Even if all the ice found on the whole of earth melts and flows into the sea, there is no possibility of the sea level rising more than 240 feet high. * 25.
Rama’s Bridge which was used by animals and humans
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Below the sea, connecting India and Srilanka for about 30 mile length there is a bridge like structure made of limestone which was revealed by the photograph taken by the American space research center NASA’s satellite. These under sea rocks which are called as Rama’s bridge have been formed seventy thousand years ago. Such limestone rocks, sea plants, eggs of turtles and the fossils of ammonites have been unearthed in many places in Ariyalur, at Tiruchi.
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Hence, it is proved that all these land areas were once below the sea and have risen up. Though this bridge is below the sea, six thousand years ago it had been five feet above sea level.
Through this bridge, people have been able to go to Srilanka from India by walking. The thin variety Opossums which at present live in western ghats and the Opossums which live in Srilanka have been proved to be close relatives through DNA tests. So, even animals have used this bridge to reach Srilanka from India. Similarly, the existence of animals in totally water surrounded islands has attracted the attention of the researchers for a long time.
For example, on island Madagascar situated in the Indian Ocean, 250 miles away from the continent of Africa, a rare variety of monkeys called Lemur are found. On the volcanic island, Comoros which is 100 miles from here, including monkeys, wild cats called Civets, and insect eating animals are found. A new debate has begun at present as to how these monkeys reached this island.
Albert Wagner, a researcher said that, this island was initially united with the continent of Africa and later around 160 million years ago detached itself from there and moved in an easterly direction and became an island.
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Based on this theory, it was explained that when the island got separated and moved, some monkeys also came along with it. But zoo researchers have found out that these monkeys have evolved only 60 million years ago.
It was informed that even 60 million years ago that is, before the evolution of these monkeys, Madagascar got separated from the continent of Africa and reached the place where it is situated now.
Then, how these monkeys managed to cross the ocean and reach this island? Now, the new explanation given is that the ancestors of these monkeys would have reached here from Africa on floating plants.
Is it possible for small chunks of land from continents to get detached to from islands and larger pieces of land to get separated from mainland and move away from continents?
Is it true that animals could cross oceans on logs and floating vegetation? The answer to this question has been obtained now.
The Island New Zealand is situated 1250 miles away from “The land of Kangaroos”, Australia. This island is called’ “The land of Birds”. It is because only birds live on this island. Apart from opossum which was brought here by man, there are no more animals here.
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So, the birds were able to live happily without any disturbance, lay eggs raise their young and multiply in number.
But, researcher Wagner who put forth the concept of moving continents has stated that this island was formed after it got separated from the continent of Australia 80 million years ago.
The surprising feature here is that, 100 million years ago kangaroo’s ancestors and many other mammals had lived in Australia. If it is true that, this island had got separated from Australia 80 million years ago as per Wagner’s statement, why is it that these animals did not move along with the island?
So, it is revealed that, this island did come into being by detaching itself from the continent of Australia. Moreover, from the mountain here and Perth in Australia, including the bones of Baleen whales, many more fossils of sea organisms have been unearthed. So, the continent of Australia and New Zealand are continuously rising upward from the sea.
A researcher by name Trevor Worth has unearthed the jaw and thigh bones of a rat like animal which lived nineteen million years ago in the central part of the island, New Zealand. This rat does not match with any other animal found in Australia and so, this rat is considered to be a separate animal species.
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Michael Archer, a researcher has said that this animal should belong to those that hop and move after inspecting its thigh bone which was broader on the upper side than the lower side. He also said that, this animal could not have reached the island on floating plants or logs.
But, in the island Papua New Guinea which is near New Zealand, rats are found. Moreover, both these islands are volcanic islands. When the volcanoes rise from below the sea, the surrounding land is also raised. This causes cracks on the earth’s crust and through these cracks, the molten rock is emitted. When this molten rock cools down, the water, other gases and oil are separated which results in the formation of rocky plates with less density.
The ice which is formed from water is of low density and floats on water. In the same way, the rocky plates which are of a lesser density than the molten rock rise to the upper region. As the newly formed rocky plates rise upwards, they rub against the rocks inside the earth which results in earthquakes.
By making use of the land bridges that rise from below the sea, animals move from one place to another and make their habitat. Apart from this it is not possible for continents to move or for animals to cross the oceans on floating plants.
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Animals on islands – a puzzle
The reason for the fossils to be found on the mountains is that, all the land had once been under the sea bed and later rose above sea level.
But, what is the reason for the animals which are found on the continents to be also present on the islands which are hundreds of miles away?
The tiger which is found in Asia is also present in Sumatra and Java islands. Similarly, the short tailed foxes found at California in North America are also found in Santa Barbara, Santa cruse, San clement and Channel Islands situated in the Pacific Ocean.
It is said that these short tailed foxes could have reached here 8000 years ago during the ice age when the sea was frozen to ice and appeared as an ice desert. In the same island, the bones of cold region animal, woolly mammoth which was of the height of a horse were also found.
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Moreover, the rats found in Europe are also found in Cyprus situated in the Mediterranean Sea. Man visited this island only 6000 years ago. But, the rats from Europe had arrived on this island 9000 years ago.
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In 1931, when Charles Darwin visited the Falkland island in the Atlantic Ocean, situated 500 miles away from South America, he found a new species of hyenas moving about freely without any fear on the island and he was surprised.
Pictures: 2
The hyenas gave them surprised looks as if they had never seen human beings before.
Till this day, it has been very puzzling as to how these creatures came to be on that isolated island.
Similarly, on the island Tasmania near Australia, animals called Tasmanian devils are found.
How did these animals reach those islands? To be specific, the white nosed bears found in India and the opossums found on western ghats are also found in Srilanka. The snow monkeys found in the Himalayan region are also found in the volcanic island group, the Japan Island in the Pacific Ocean. Orangutan and Gibbon are also found in Java and Sumatra Islands.
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These island groups are found on the sea bed called Sundha which is at 300 feet depth below the sea level. It is believed that during ice age when the sea level was 300 feet lower, animals would have come to these islands.
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Ice Land – some contradictions
Similarly, ice age is mentioned as a reason for the rising of the sea level. It is believed that 12,000 years ago most of the land was covered by layers of ice and snow and later when it melted and flowed into the sea, the level of the sea rose.
The reason for the occurrence of ice age was believed to be the changes that took place on the orbit of the earth. When the earth moved a little away from the sun and revolved around it, the temperature decreased and layers of ice were formed and when the earth moved closer to the sun and revolved, the temperature rose and this resulted in the melting of the layers of ice. The contradiction is that, when the earth moves away from the sun and the temperature falls, the evaporation of sea water will also be reduced. So, the water which is already on land will only turn to ice. Similarly when the earth moves closer to the sun, the temperature will rise and at the same time, both the melting of ice as well as the evaporation of sea water will take place simultaneously and so, no noticeable change will take place in the level of the sea.
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Moreover, as the bones of dinosaurs found in the continent of Antarctica match with the bones found in the continent of South America and the continent of Australia, we come to know that dinosaurs had begun their journey from South America, traveled through Antarctica and reached Australia.
These continents are separated from each other by the sea which is up to two thousand feet deep. So, 65 million years ago if the sea level had been 2000 feet lower, these dinosaurs could have migrated from one continent to another. What could be the reason for the sea to rise 2000 feet high? Definitely it cannot be attributed to ice age. It may be because, 700 – 600 million years ago, during ice age not only the land but also the sea was covered with thick layers of ice which extended to a height of many kilo meters says the ice age theory. But the recently discovered proofs have made these theories questionable.
Researcher Blair Hedges and his group from the University of Pennsylvania wanted to find out when plants first appeared on earth with the help of DNA tests and this group has declared that even before 700 million years ago non green plants like fungi have lived on earth. This clearly shows that during this period of time, the earth’s crust was not covered by ice. * 26.
Similarly, a group of researchers headed by Dr. Dan Condon of the University of
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St. Andrews have stated that based on the fact that the fossils of animals which lived 600 million years ago found in the rocks of West Scotland, Namibia and California, the sea in this area could not have been covered with ice during that period. * 27.
Similarly, researcher Allison Alcott of South California University says that the earth was not covered with ice 600 million years ago after seeing the fossils of living things in the slates found in Libya, Canada, Australia and Brazil which had been photosynthesizing using sun light. * 28.
Moreover, Phillip Alan, a professor of London College and a researcher, after conducting research on the rocks and finding out the chemical reactions that took place due to the weather conditions which prevailed 850 – 544 million years ago at Oman, states that there had been no ice age at all! * 29.
If it is true that the whole earth had been covered with ice many kilometers high, where did all that ice disappear? If such a huge quantity of ice had melted and turned in to water, no part of earth would be visible above the earth now. So, ice age is just an imaginary theory.
Hence, ice age is not the reason for the sea to be two thousand feet low at a point of time and later rise upwards. In fact, thousands of hot water springs which are under the sea and letting out
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water even today are only responsible for the rise in the sea level.
From where did the sea water originate?
The sea was formed only due to the water which came out of the hot springs that are found under the sea.
The molten rock which is inside the earth has nearly 14 percent of water. When this molten rock gradually cools and hardens, rocky plates are formed. When the molten rock of higher density cools, hardens and forms rocky plates, water, oil and other gases get separated from it and so, rocky plates of lesser density are formed. The rocky plates which are formed from the higher density molten rock are of lesser density and rise upwards forming the under-water mountains on the sea bed.
Moreover from the hot water springs found on these mountains, air comes out as bubbles. Near most of the hot water springs, the molten rock which comes from inside the earth forms a layer on the sea bed. Along with the water of these springs, including nitrogen sulphide, chemicals like magnesium and iron oxide are also emitted. These chemicals react with the sea water and form deposits near the springs. This gives rise to chimney like structures around the springs and they keep growing. These chimneys can grow up to one or two centimeters per day. So, in due course, chimney- like towers
Picture
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are formed near the hot water springs. In America, in the state of Virginia, two hot water spring towers are situated side by side in a park. So, the land has risen from below the sea bed, above the sea is clearly understood.
Moreover, some microbes like the bacteria, which are capable of producing the energy needed for living from the sulphide which is eliminated from the hot water springs also spread on the sea bed near the hot water springs and live there. The sea worms, crabs, snails and fish which depend on these bacteria also live near the springs. Recently it has been found out that, continuous tremors are produced by these hot water springs. Some times, when these springs dry up, the living things relocate themselves to the next hot water spring by following the tremors emitted by it.
Scientists are of the opinion that, the first living being on earth evolved near the deep sea hot water springs. A spider which lived under the sea 425 million years ago got buried in the ash of an under sea volcano and had turned into a three dimensional fossil and has been unearthed by the scientists of England.
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Similarly, the fossils of pre historic living creatures are found in Amman/ Oman, Russia, New Brunswick, Canada, Alaska and Cyprus.
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Moreover, on the rocky bed of South Africa, not only many holes of hot water springs are found but also the chemical substance, iron oxide is found which clearly shows that this area has been under the sea and has risen above the sea level and that, many millions of years ago the hot water springs have been pumping out water.
Similar to the pump sets used in fields to pump water, from each hot water spring 1135 liters of water comes out per minute with great force. Moreover as there are hot water springs near many under water volcanoes, it is clearly understood that this water comes out from the molten rock.
The fossils of the arthropod, Trilobite which lived 500 million years ago have been discovered in black color in the sea side rocks of Mistaken Point at Greenland. Moreover as the sea here is rough, with leaping waves, researchers say that, this arthropod got buried in the ash of the volcanoes and it explains why their fossils are black in color.
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Even today the hot water springs are spewing out water under the sea and this alone causes the level of the sea to rise continuously.
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Recently, a research team, headed by Dr. Johan Brocks of America’s NASA has taken out some green colored and light red colored fibers from the oil deposits found on very old rocks in the McArthur basin of Northern Australia and conducted a research. These were green and red colored bacteria, which with the help of sun light did photosynthesis with these fibers.
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As these bacteria have been using the chemical substance, sulphide for getting energy to live, he also says that in this area the sea had been once shallow.
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Moreover as the hot springs keep letting out chemicals like this sulphide, the reason for the formation of the shallow area in the sea are only due to the hot water springs. So, all the water that is found in the seas had come only from the hot water springs. Likewise, many thousands of hot water springs have let out water for millions of years which resulted in the formation of the seas.
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Salty sea water – a contradiction
It was believed that the hot planet earth was lashed with rain for millions of years and this resulted in the formation of the sea.
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It was thought that, the salt deposits in the rocks were dissolved by rains and was brought by the river water to the sea and later due to the process of evaporation, the water alone goes up and the salt is left behind. When this happens continuously for millions of years, the sea water becomes saline.
Why is sodium chloride more in the sea?
But, river water contains more of calcium and bicarbonate salts. Sea contains enormous quantities of sodium chloride which is used by us for cooking. * 30. That is, there is a lot of difference between the salts found in the river water and the sea water. So, how did the excess sodium chloride get into the sea?
In the beginning, our earth was a planet of molten rock and volcanoes. As it cooled gradually with the help of sedimentary rocks, the earth’s crust was formed.
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Similarly, when the rocky plates were formed from the molten rock, the water got separated and came out which formed the sea. In the beginning, the sodium chloride salt which was inside the earth came out through volcanoes in the form of gas and this is the reason for the sea water to contain excess of sodium chloride salt. “Io” the moon of Jupiter which is made up of molten rock is in support of this theory.
Io has on its surface, volcanoes which are hotter than those found on the earth. Darrel Strobel, a researcher belonging to the John Hopkins University of America, has found out that from these volcanoes, including sodium and chloride, other materials needed for making salt are spewed out on the moon. * 31.
Through the telescope, in 1974, a researcher by the name Bob Brown had declared that there were thin clouds of sodium in the atmosphere of Io. But, this surprised many researchers because there were no deposits of salt found any where on Io. The puzzle of thirty years has been solved now by Darrel Strobel, who has found out that from these volcanoes, including sodium and chloride, other materials are spewed out in the form of gases.
Moreover, once upon a time when our earth was a planet of molten rock, the volcanoes in the same way, were spewing sodium chloride and other salts which resulted in the excess of sodium chloride found in the sea.
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As Io is a moon of molten rock at a very high temperature, its outer surface has not yet cooled and become rocky. When Jupiter revolves on an elongated path of its orbit and comes closer, Io which is spherical becomes slightly elliptical in shape due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter.
Io also has a gas called silicon mono oxide. This gas is also found in some of the less hot stars’ atmospheres.
Similarly, sodium gas is found in the atmosphere of Osiris, a giant comet like planet which is 220 times larger than earth and is revolving around the star HD 209458. So, it is clear that after their thin atmosphere gets evaporated the stars only become planets with their raw materials which do not get evaporated easily.
Based on the molten rock moon, Io which has a very high temperature and salt volcanoes, it becomes clear that once upon a time even our earth had volcanoes that emitted sodium chloride. Similarly, based on the fact that the less hot stars, the Osiris, a giant comet like planet which is 220 times larger than earth and Io have sodium, it is clear that the stars only become planets.
The height of the Himalayas – a contradiction
Albert Wagner, a researcher has said that, millions of years ago India was
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a part of Gondwana which was near South Africa and moved north east.
Wagner says that 80 million years ago India was an island continent 6400 miles away in the south of Asia and it has moved 9 meters for every 100 years and around 40 – 50 million years ago, collided with Asia. This has resulted in the formation of the Himalayas.
In the same way, as India is still pushing the continent of Asia, he states that the Himalayas are rising at the rate of one centimeter per year.
According to this theory, the rate of increase in height should be 10 kilometers per million years, and consequently the Himalayas should be still taller. Hence, the question as to why the Himalayas is shorter was raised. The explanation given for this query is that instead of rising upwards, the continent of Asia could have expanded sideways or due to gravitational pull could have sunk a little in to the earth.
The Himalayas existed even before India’s collision.
It was believed that the Himalayas originated 55 million years ago. At present,
the research group from the University of Arizona headed by Dr George Zekrals conducted a research in which the team found out that the Himalayas had come in to existence 450 million years ago. That is, Dr George Zekrals states that the Himalayas are 9 times older than it was first believed to be. When molten rock comes out of the earth and hardens to become rocks, Zircon crystals are formed. The element uranium in these crystals when subjected to radiation, changes in to lead in due course. It takes 450 billion years for uranium to become lead.
Taking in to consideration the percentage of lead in the zircon crystals, the age of the rock is estimated. From the research conducted based on this fact, Dr George states that the rocks on the Himalayas have formed before 450 million years ago and have risen. Before this finding, researcher Wagner had stated that the Himalayas were formed 55 million years ago only due to the collision of the Indian continent with the continent of Asia is noteworthy.
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When the continental plates collide with each other, mountains are supposed to be formed. As the continental plates move only a few centimeters per year, it was believed that mountains grew very slowly. CARMALA CARSEAN, a researcher belonging to the University of Roster has found out that, the Andes mountain range in South America is growing very fast.
When the mountains grow, the rocks get eroded due to weather or seasonal changes and form deposits at the foot of the mountains. Moreover, when it rains on the mountains, on the higher areas of the mountains isotopes oxygen 16 and at places where the height is lower, isotope oxygen 18 get deposited in huge amounts on the rocks and produce chemical reactions.
By observing the amount of rocky deposits which had undergone chemical reaction due to the isotope oxygen 18, and calculating the period during which it was formed, it could be predicted when and how fast a mountain had grown. The research conducted based on this showed that, the Andes mountain range had grown very fast 10 million and 7 million years ago. On this basis, CARMALA CARSEAN surmised that the growth of mountains does not depend on the movement of the continents but should be based on something else. Similarly the Sierra Nevada Mountain in North America is also growing very fast.
How did kangaroos cross the sea?
Animals which have pouches to carry their young like the kangaroo are called marsupial mammals. As the fossils of these marsupials were found in the continents of North America, South America and Antarctica, it was concluded that these animals migrated from North America through the continent of Antarctica to Australia. But, recently the bones of the ancestors of kangaroos which lived 125 million years ago have been unearthed in China.
Researcher Tom Rich of the Victoria museum of Melbourne city says that this opens a new vista regarding the evolution of mammals. This strengthens the view that from China these kangaroos could have gone to Australia and the sea level had also been very low to help these animals to move from one continent to another.
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Did monkeys cross the Atlantic Ocean?
According to Wagner’s theory of moving continents, it was believed that 150 million years ago South America was detached from the continent of Africa, moved towards west and reached the position in which it is now situated. Researches show that only 3 million years ago the land of Panama appeared between North America and South America and united both these continents.
Wagner’s theory states that till then South America was an island continent. Recently the jaw bones of a monkey which lived 20 million years ago have been found in Andes Mountain at South America. After examining the teeth, researchers have stated that this species of monkeys originated in Africa.
At present, the DNA tests conducted on the monkeys living in South America also showed that their ancestors reached there from Africa. (Researcher Dian Rowe of Massachusetts University said that even the rabbit like animals living at present in America traveled on the Atlantic using floating plants and logs and reached here from Africa).
The problem here is, researcher John J Plain of the Chicago city museum states that the ancestors of these monkeys traveled on floating plants and logs 20 million years ago and crossed the 2000 miles broad Atlantic Ocean and reached here. Moreover we were under the impression that the Andes Mountain originated 100,000,000 years ago. The recently discovered bones have made us understand that it originated later and the theories about the formation of Andes have completely changed. But, as the sea level was very low, there is a possibility that from Africa these monkeys could have reached South America by land. Moreover the DNA tests conducted on monkeys found on Jamaica also revealed that they were from Africa. So, it is clear that the sea level had been very low many million years ago.
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Penguins are birds which cannot fly. But these birds are found not only in the continent of Antarctica but also in South America, Africa, Australia and a few other islands. The reason for these birds to be found in all these continents and islands is that, 60 million years ago the sea was up to 2000 feet lower and many islands were above sea level at that time.
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Where did the sand on Marina beach come from?
The sand on the sea shore of Marina Beach was brought by the waves which deposited the sand there. But, what is the reason for the sand that was deposited by the sea waves to be found now above sea level?
We cannot think that the sea level has gone down. It is because the area of the sea is more than that of the land which is only one fourth. Moreover excluding the continent of Antarctica, all the other six continents have sandy sea shores on their coastal areas. So, if we say that the sea level has gone down, it applies to the whole world.
But, speaking about the whole world, there is no reason for the water level to drop. So, due to the rising of the land that is, the continents only, the sand deposited by the waves has risen above the sea level.
For example, Hawaii Islands are situated in the center of the Pacific Ocean. Originally these islands were volcanoes in the sea bed and later rose up above the sea level. On the southern side of the Hawaiian island is filled with green colored sand. It is because, it is formed with an element called Olivine. Usually Olivine is found in the sea bed rock, basalt.
While the island of Hawaii rose up from the sea, as the sea waves eroded the basalt rock, the Olivine green sand also rose upward above sea level and formed the green colored sea shore. Similarly in the area where volcanic mountain rocks are found on the Hawaii Island, black colored sea shore sand is seen.
As the sand brought by the sea waves and deposited at the bottom of the sea is seen above the sea level, we can come to a conclusion that the Hawaii Island has only risen. We cannot take a decision that the Pacific Ocean’s level has gone down. Similarly the sand found on the Marina has also been brought by the sea waves and deposited at the bottom of the sea. But, the reason for the sand to be found above the sea level is that the land has risen up.
Similarly, when large areas of land like islands and continents rise, earthquakes occur.
Three Pictures
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Large numbers:
- one million is 10 lakhs
- one billion is 100 crores
- one trillion is 1000 crores
- one million is the number of marbles needed to fill up a full Ambassador car
- one billion is the number of marbles needed to fill up a full two storied building
- one trillion is the number of marbles needed to fill up a full, modern foot ball court
The distance of Light year
- The usual measurements which we use like kilometers and miles cannot be used for measuring the distance between the stars and planets in space and so we use light years to measure them. Light can travel 1,86,000 miles per minute. The distance covered by light per year is 6 trillion miles. This distance is referred to as one light year. The light of the sun takes 8 minutes to reach the earth. So, we can say that the earth is 8 light minutes away from the sun. Similarly, the ray of the sun to reach Pluto, the last planet in our solar system is four and a half hours. So, it can be said that planet Pluto is four and a half light hours away from the sun. The sun’s rays to reach the closest star, Proxima Centauri are four and a half years. So, it can be said that this star is four and a half light years away from the sun.
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Our earth is also a star
A planet in the making
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Hydrogen and helium gases get separated from the clouds which contain them and form stars like the sun.
Hydrogen gas in the periphery exerts pressure which increases the heat in the center where hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms. Along with it energy is also released.
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In the center, due to fission of atoms, helium burns to produce Carbon, Neon, Oxygen, Calcium, Sulphur, Nickel and iron in the form of gases. When such gases continuously burn and produce metallic gases, energy is released and as the amount of gases decreases, the pressure in the center also decreases and as nuclear fission gets interrupted, heat also becomes lesser.
As the hot radiation which was coming from the center is no more there, the metallic gases fall towards the vacuum in the center and this makes the gases mix together and form a planet in the form of molten rock.
For example, as the cooking gas in the cylinder is in the form of a liquid, the metallic gases in the center of a burnt up star reach the liquid state due to excess pressure, mix together and form a planet made of molten rock.
Water is nothing but a substance formed due to the mixing of oxygen and hydrogen. Similarly, rock is a substance formed due to the mixing of oxygen and silicon gas. As heat gets reduced, water freezes into ice, when the heat reduces in a star, metallic gases become a thick liquid and a planet is formed as a molten rock body.
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When a completely burnt up star is in space, a still burning star will attract it with its gravity and as it nears the star, whatever is left of its gases also get vaporized and it becomes a body of molten rock which does not get evaporated. It starts revolving around the star and becomes a new planet.
A moon sized heavenly body made of diamond
Are planets formed only in the center of fully burnt up stars?
Yes. In the center of a fully burnt up star called BPM 37093, it has been found that a moon sized heavenly body made of diamond has formed. * 32.
Picture: In the center of a gaseous body, a heavenly body larger than moon, made of diamond
This fully burnt up star is 50 light years away from the earth. With the help of earthquake detecting equipment, the research team of Howard University has discovered this heavenly body made of diamond.
The diameter of the earth is only 2160 miles. But, this diamond body’s diameter is 2500 miles. Its weight is 5 million trillion trillion pounds. This diamond crystal is formed with more of carbon and less amount of oxygen. This diamond body is surrounded by gases.
How was this diamond body formed in the center of a star?
A star’s major part is made up of hydrogen and helium gases. Hydrogen which is more in quantity, exerts pressure and in the center of the star, the lighter hydrogen atoms join with each other and form slightly heavier helium atoms due to pressure. During this process, heat energy is evolved. When the pressure continues to exist, helium atoms will combine and form neon, carbon, oxygen, silicon, calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulphur, nickel and iron in the form of gases.
Light travels one lakh eight six miles per one second. Likewise it travels six trillion miles per year. This distance is called one light distance.
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When gases burn in this way, energy is released continuously and due to this, the amount of gases also gets reduced. When gases get reduced in the peripheral area, the pressure reduces in the center. So, nuclear fission stops and atoms do not combine with each other. As the heat production stops, the star starts to cool.
When heat is reduced, water changes to ice, which is a solid. In a fully burnt up star when heat reduces, the metallic gases mix with each other and change to the liquid state and become a body of molten rock.
Similarly, many crores of tons of carbon which was produced by the star, BPM 37093 was compressed by the gases surrounding it and got converted to a body of crystalline diamond.
How can this body of diamond be considered as a planet?
Diamond planets
Picture: A diamond planet revolving around Pulsar star
An excessive hot star which emits x-ray radiation, known as Pulsar 1257 + 12 having small planets revolving around it has been discovered. * 33.
What is meant by Pulsar star?
Picture: Pulsar star
When a star like our sun is exploded and scattered around, the piece which is of the size of a planet forms a Pulsar star. It is also known as a neutron star. When it rotates many hundreds of times along with its powerful magnetic field, it is known as a Pulsar star. A neutron star which rotates very fast is called a Pulsar star.
Though this star is of the size of our earth, its magnetic force is many lakhs of times more than that of the sun. This star does not emit light like our sun, instead, it emits x-ray radiation which is many times more than the heat of the sun.
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Its magnetic field combines its radiation and emits it as a bundle. If we compare an ordinary star to a street lamp, Pulsar star can be compared to the rotating light of a light house which emits light every second.
In the beginning, when Alexander Wolsan detected a small planet revolving around a Pulsar star through his radio telescope, and announced it, his discovery was not immediately accepted because the very hot x-ray radiation emitted by the Pulsar star will vaporize even the companion star. So, how can a planet revolve around such a Pulsar star with out getting vaporized? Hence, nobody paid much attention to Wolsan‘s discovery.
Black Widow
Picture: On top Black widow. Below scapegoat star
Pulsar stars emit radiation which is many times stronger than that of the sun. So, even the stars which are near it will get vaporized. Black Widow is a well-known Pulsar star. In a particular species of black colored spiders, the female is larger than the male. Once copulation is over, the female spider will catch hold of the male spider and suck all the liquid present in its body and totally dehydrate it. Similarly this Pulsar star 1957 + 20 is also sucking all the gases from the companion star and so will lose them very quickly. Hence, this star is also called “Black Widow”. * 34.
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In the same way, a Pulsar star named XTE 929 – 324 is not only absorbing the atmosphere of its companion star, but also vaporizing it with its powerful radiation. Hence that companion star has shrunk into a gaseous planet, which is ten times larger than Jupiter the largest planet in our Solar system. * 35.
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Moreover, another neutron star called IGR JO 291 – 5934 is absorbing its companion star’s gases. Till now six stars have been identified in such a state. * 36.
Picture: the stars found inside the circle are fully burnt up.
In M 4, a group of stars found 7200 light years away from the earth, there are one lakh stars close together in which many stars are fully burnt up.
Picture: The arrows show the fully burnt up star and the planet which are revolving around the Pulsar star.
In the center of this group of stars is seen a fully burnt up star and a planet which are revolving around a Pulsar star. * 37. (The arrows show the position). So, it is understood that because the atmosphere of the fully burnt up stars which have been attracted has been vaporized, the planet which was revolving along with it continues to revolve around the star without getting vaporized.
But Wolsan was very confident about his discovery. It was because, till now the planets which were revolving around other stars were discovered by two methods. (1) Due to the gravitational attraction of the planet, the changes brought about in the behavior of the star helped in finding the weight and the speed at which the planet revolves around the star.
Picture: The changes brought about by the planet in the path of a star that was moving in a straight line.
Till now 202 planets belonging to other solar systems have been found. But, like our earth a small rocky planet has not been found because our existing instruments need more sophistication. In the present situation, by observing the changes brought about by the planet on the behavior of the star, the weight of the planet, its size, the distance covered during revolution and speed are calculated. Other than that, planets are not seen directly. Some times, changes can also be brought by the stars that are close by, stars that are in
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between stars and companion stars. So, the planets which have been found by this method seem to be larger than the stars.
Eclipse of a star
When the planet that is revolving around a star comes between the earth and the star, the light which is coming to the earth is slightly blocked. This reduction in light is measured with very sophisticated instruments. Based on this information, the size and the speed with which the planet is revolving around a star are determined.
But the method adopted by Wolsan to discover Pulsar stars was very accurate and different.
X – ray report _ Picture
The Pulsar star discovered by Wolsan, instead of emitting light, is emitting very hot X – ray radiation. Moreover this Pulsar star rotates 600 times per second and emits radiation. The radiation emitted by the Pulsar star reaches the earth every second without fail. When the planets that are revolving around the Pulsar star come between the earth and the Pulsar star, the radiation which is coming to the earth is slightly blocked. Once the planet moves away, again the radiation reaches the earth. In this way, the difference in the time in which the Pulsar star’s rays reaching the earth is measured with precision instruments and recorded. The picture obtained this way is similar to the X – ray taken of the bones in our body. So, Wolsan was very strong about his discovery. He continued his research and found out that there were two more planets which kept revolving around the Pulsar star.
Picture: Radio telescope
After that, the International Space Research Center checked the research conducted by Wolsan with another researcher and at present, after 15 years Wolsan‘s discovery has been accepted.
Poland in which Wolsan was born has honored him by bringing out a stamp.
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Picture: Wolsan
The question now was, when the Pulsar star is capable of wilting even stars, how could planets revolve around it without getting wilted? During the convention of International Space Research Center, held in the city of Osborne on 07 – 02 – 2005, Dr. Mark Kushner and Dr. Sara Seigar have stated, ”Only diamond has the capacity to withstand immense heat. So, only diamond planets made up of layers of diamond can withstand the excess radiation of the Pulsar star and can revolve around it without getting wilted. Hence, the planets that are revolving around the Pulsar star are the best examples for diamond planets”. * 38.
The ordinary coal when exposed to excess pressure and compression changes to diamond.
Diamond is formed only at 200 miles depth in earth. The reason is that only at such a depth there is sufficient pressure to convert coal into diamond. When tremendous pressure is needed for the formation of ordinary diamond, in order to form a planet of diamond, crores of tons of raw material carbon and heat and pressure are needed to convert it into diamond. It is only found in the center of a burnt up star which is surrounded by gases. This is the reason why a planet sized diamond has been formed in the center of the burnt up star, BPM 37093.
Opinions regarding Pulsar stars by leading researchers:
- Nature would have overcome the unnatural situation existing here and formed these planets.
-Alexander Wolsan, discoverer of the Pulsar planet
Universe Today, Internet, Date: 08 – 02 – 2005.
- When a star containing a lot of carbon exploded, these diamond planets could have formed. That star should have produced less oxygen and more of carbon.
-Dr. Mark Kushner. Princeton University
Said during Colorado Osborne convention
Universe Today, Internet, Date: 08 – 02 – 2005
In space, the Pulsar star is always solitary. The reason is it wilts away the nearby stars with its radiation. So, in space it is easy to find the location of a Pulsar star. Wherever a black patch without any stars is seen, in the center there will definitely be a Pulsar star.
Hence, only when the atmosphere of the burnt up star which produced the planet sized diamond body was vaporized, diamond planets are seen revolving around the Pulsar star.
To prove this theory, a neutron star similar to a Pulsar star is found amidst a
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group of stars called M – 4 is revolved by a fully burnt up star and a planet.
M- 4 which is 7200 light years away from our earth comprises of one lakh stars arranged closely in the form of a spherical in whose centre a Pulsar star and a fully burnt up star are revolving around each other. At a distance equal to that of Neptune revolving around the sun, a giant gaseous body which is three times larger than our largest gaseous planet, Jupiter is revolving around these two stars. The revolution of the burnt up star and the planet around the Pulsar star, clearly prove that even after being burnt up and their atmospheres being absorbed, the planets formed in their centers keep revolving without being wilted.
As if to prove this, other foreign planets exist with excess heat and those that are near the stars are like the comets which very closely revolve around the sun and remain as Cometary planets.
Similarly, the stars which are revolving around planets are in turn revolved by giant sized hot gaseous bodies, secondary stars, sub stars and burnt up stars like the planets.
. A planet which revolves around two stars
Nobody expected a planet to be amidst the oldest star group, M – 4
M- 4 is 7200 light years away from our earth and comprises of one lakh stars arranged closely in the form of a spherical in whose centre, a planet named “Medusa” is revolving around two stars at the same time.
A neutron star is found amidst a group of stars called M – 4. A fully burnt up star revolves around it. A neutron star is formed when a sun like star explodes. At a distance equal to that of Neptune revolving around the sun, planet Medusa is revolving around the star. In a place where so many stars are close together, due to the immense heat, even the dust layer will very quickly get wilted. Hence, many researchers believe that this planet could not have been formed by the collection of the dust surrounding the stars. So, this planet had been a star and once its gases got wilted got converted into a planet. The age of this planet has been estimated to be 12.7 billion years. Even our sun’s age is only 4.6 billion years. When compared to the earth, this planet is three times older. That is, even before our sun appeared, this planet existed.
The appearance of this planet has raised a lot of arguments. According to the existing theories, the metallic gases produced by the stars are scattered in space when the star explodes and helps in the formation of clouds. The second generation
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of stars are formed with slightly heavier metallic gases. When these stars explode from the clouds formed, the third generation of stars like our sun is formed. During that process, the large amount of dusty gases produced while revolving around the sun was thought to have accumulated to form rocky planets like our earth.
But, some researchers think that the stars found in the M – 4 group were very old and at that point of time, there could not have existed heavy metallic gases to form planets. It is believed that 15 thousand million years ago there was a big bang in our universe and clouds of hydrogen gas and stars were formed. Many years after which the third generation of stars likes our sun appeared and their age should be 4.6 billion years like our earth.
Picture
But, since Medusa’s age has been determined as 12.7 billion years, at that point of time, there must have been no possibility of the existence of heavy metallic gases to form planets. Moreover, the stars in the M – 4 group do not contain heavy metals like our sun has. So, the argument still continues: how could this planet have formed?
The planets which are revolving closer to the sun are rocky planets and those that are away are made up of more gases and are gaseous planets. The important point to note is that, through research done by the satellite Galileo, in between gaseous planets like Jupiter and Saturn, rocky planets like our earth exist. In addition, there are planets where the gases have solidified and formed icy planets. So, those planets which were closer to the sun got their gases vaporized/wilted and the rocky planets in their center were exposed and they are revolving around the sun.
Moreover only inside the stars, lighter gases like hydrogen burn and produce carbon, oxygen, silicon, magnesium calcium, sodium, Sulphur and iron in the form of gases. So, the burning gaseous stars once they have completely burnt up, are attracted by the gravity of other stars and once the lighter gases of the burnt up stars are vaporized due to the radiation, the planets which were formed by the solidification of the metallic gases in the stars’ center alone without getting wilted, revolve around the new star. This is my opinion. To support this view, there are many other planet formations.
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How did planets form? Researchers’ views
It is broadly believed that the gaseous bodies that got separated from giant gaseous clouds, form stars like the sun. But, two views exist regarding the formation of planets.
Tortoise method
Picture: The dust in the dust region join together to gradually form planets
When giant gaseous clouds shrink and form stars like the sun, a lot of turbulent gases and dust form a disk like structure and swirl around the star. It was thought that such dust particles in due course join together and form earth like rocky planets.
This theory states that, initially small stones and subsequently rocks were formed and these rocks later collide with each other and form mountains and the mountains in turn collide with each other to form small planets and small planets collide with each other to form larger planets like the earth.
It was believed that once such rocky planets were formed, they attracted the gases present there and formed gaseous planets like Jupiter.
But, when Computer Simulation Models were done on this belief, the research showed that for a planet like our earth to form, atleast 8 to 10 million years are needed. * 39.
Picture: Wilting stars in Orion star group
The important drawback in this theory is that the dust disks around the stars do not swirl fast enough to produce planets. Moreover Computer Simulation Models have shown that it will take a minimum of 10 million years for a planet like the earth to form by this method. But, by the result of examining the dust surrounding the near by stars,
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researcher, Elizabeth Lada says that, within a short span of three million years, most of the dusty gases disappear and in five million years, 90 % of the dusty region also gets vaporized. * 40.
Picture: A comet with the size of the sun.
A large star is evaporating a star of the size of the sun and this has resulted in the formation of a sun sized comet.
Moreover, it is opined that planets are formed by the dust is an accidental event. Based on this theory, it was thought that our solar system was accidentally formed. But, the present research shows that our galaxy “milky way” has 400 billion stars in it. It has also come to light that there are as many planets as the stars. That is, more than half the stars that we see in the night sky are revolved by planets! As planets are found in such huge numbers, the theory that planets do not form accidentally has gained importance. Moreover, researchers now consider that the formation of planets is due to a phenomenon that happens often in space.
Eight planets for you
After conducting a survey of 1000 stars situated at 100 light years away from the sun, researchers declare that 10 percent of the stars are being revolved by planets. Based on this finding, researcher, Sawyer has stated that there could be 30 billion planets in our Milky Way which has 300 billion stars. * 41.
The total population of our earth is only 6 billion (600 crores). So, if 30 billion is divided by 6 billion, each of us will have 8 planets in our Milky Way galaxy alone!
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Rabbit method
Picture: The formation of a planet by the shrinking of clouds in the dust region.
Researcher, Allan Boss has stated that as the giant dust disk swirls, due to gravitational pull, a part of it could suddenly get affected and shrink by which planets could be formed.
Jack Sawyer, a NASA researcher states that there is no problem in the shrinking of the dust disk but, there is difficulty of creating sufficient pressure to create planets.
Both the above methods are unable to give substantial explanation for the formation of giant sized gaseous planets like Jupiter and Saturn. To attract and acquire the amount of gases found in Jupiter, it should have a center core which is 10 times heavier than that of our earth. But according to the research conducted by the satellite, Galileo, we have come to know that the inner core of Jupiter is supposed to be only three times the weight of our earth* 42.
So, the question that rose was, how could Jupiter have attracted such an enormous quantity of gases. Researchers state that as Jupiter had been revolving around the sun very fast, it could have gathered a lot of gases. But, Computer Simulation Models have shown that in the place where Jupiter is situated, there is no possibility for the presence of gases in such enormous quantities.
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The point worth mentioning here is that, after planet Jupiter, planet Saturn is also a giant gaseous planet. The explanation given for this by researchers is that, planet Jupiter must have been formed by a unique method and it would have dominated the gases in that area and aided in the formation of planet Saturn. Nobody is able to give a clear explanation for the formation of giant planets, Uranus and Neptune found beyond Saturn.
The explanation given is that, our Solar system has been formed by a unique method. But, the recently and newly discovered ones are all many times larger than the planet, Jupiter. The important fact is that, the recently and newly discovered extra solar planets are all many times larger than the planet, Jupiter. 140 planets are 10 times larger than Jupiter. * 43. Moreover, these planets are revolving very closely around their stars, at a distance equal to that of the distance in which planet Mercury is revolving around the sun. Research shows that these planets could have been formed at a distance equal to that of Jupiter from the sun and would have moved closer to their stars.
Similarly, the giant planets which are many times larger than the planet, Jupiter have been found to revolve far away from their stars too. Researchers explain this as follows: these gaseous planets could have been pushed to the periphery by the orbits of the intermediate (dwarf) planets.
The theories which have been formulated till now regarding the formation of new giant planets larger than planet Jupiter are unable to give a precise explanation.
Picture: Comparison of the size of the
Sun, low mass star,
Brown dwarf,
Jupiter and
Earth
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Transit of Jupiter (Guru)
Moreover, research shows that in the place where planet Jupiter is located now, there is no possibility of the inert gases xenon, argon and krypton which are in abundance on Jupiter to be formed. So, researcher Sushil Arthreya of Michigan University has stated that, the only reason for xenon to be in abundance on planet Jupiter is that it could have been formed very far away that is, at a distance which is 50 times more than that of earth from the sun and had moved to the location where it is situated now. * 44. So, the planets which are revolving around the sun have not been formed due to accumulation of dust from dust disks.
Hot Jupiters
Picture
Similar to planets like Jupiter which revolve close to their stars and remain as wilting comet stars, planets which revolve far away from their stars have more mass than planet Jupiter and remain as intermediate stars.
Moreover, even around the stars that have been formed only a few million years ago, planets of the size of Jupiter and stars are revolving. This proves that stars have been attracted and due to radiation after their gases have been wilted, they become smaller in size and formed planets.
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Hot Jupiters near stars in very hot surroundings
A planet larger than earth in the form of a comet
Picture: Cometary planet
A giant cometary planet is revolving around the star HD 209458, which is 150 light years away from the earth. * 45. This gaseous planet which is 220 times larger than our earth is revolving around its star at a distance of 4 million kilometers once in 3.5 days. Earth which is 150 kilometers away from the sun is able to revolve around the sun once in 365 days. The cometary planet is revolving around its star 50 times lesser than this time.
(IN ORIGINAL: THERE IS A MISTAKE IN THE ABOVE LINE-- நேரத்தில் HAS BEEN PRINTED AS தூரத்தில்).
Jupiter is 220 million kilometers away from the sun and is able to revolve around it once in 12 years.
As this cometary planet called Osiris is revolving around its star very closely, its atmospheric temperature is at 1395 Kelvin (earth – 250 Kelvin). This intense heat has caused its atmosphere to expand and form a two lakh kilometer tail from which 10 thousand ton per second of hydrogen gas is scattered in space. Along with it, a heavier metallic gas, sodium is also being emitted.
Picture: Planet on a very small orbit.
It has been calculated that this cometary planet will soon change into a planet of molten rock with 10 times the weight of the earth. Recent researches show that the reason for the cometary planet Osiris to be so large is not because it is revolving around its star very closely but, due to the excess heat in its center. In the core of a star only due to nuclear fission heat is generated. Hence, it is proved by Osiris that stars become cometary planets which subsequently become planets.
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Researchers’ view of (3) HD 209458
- This planet when viewed through infra red rays appears more like a comet than a planet.
- This planet is surrounded by a very large atmosphere comprising of hydrogen gas. This atmosphere, due to the radiation of its star, has been pushed backwards to form a very long tail. Its length is 124,000 miles (two lakh kilometers). The earth could be revolved around five times using such a lengthy tail.
- Jilta Palestor
Discoverer of this planet
Similarly 18 cometary planets have been discovered.
Such planets are revolving around two percent of the total stars.
Debora Fisher
- HD 209458 cannot be considered as an exception. This discovery only shows that there is something lacking in our theory regarding the formation of planets.
Robert Noyes Howard Smithsonian, Research Center
Science Daily – Internet, Date: 14 – 09 – 06
- This giant planet has destroyed our expectation regarding large planets. The huge size of these planets indicates that, they have been formed by a different method.
Paul Butler, Carnegie Institute, Washington
Space Flight Now, Internet, Date: 01 – 10n – 01
- We never expected nature to produce such giant planets. Geoffrey Mercy
- How did this planet form very close to its star and near another planet? - Steve Wolkt, Researcher, California University.
This planet proves that the planets which are very close to stars have not been formed near them but, were formed very far away and have moved closer to the stars. – Greg Hendry, Astronomical Researcher, Tennessee University, BBC News, Internet.
