Our earth is sinking.
PREFACE
The fossils of trees which lived twenty million years ago have been discovered on the sea bed, two kilometers below the sea level of the Indian Ocean .
So, twenty million years ago, the sea level had been two kilo meters lower than it is at present and has risen up later.
The reason is, the hot springs found under the sea have been spurting out water which mixed with the sea and made it rise up to two kilometers. In Japan , where there are numerous volcanoes, it has been found that, the water given out by the hot springs is the water which is eliminated while the molten rock magma cools and hardens.
The existence of numerous volcanoes under the sea and numerous hot water springs surrounding the volcanoes, give rise to continuous expulsion of water from them which mixes with the sea and rises the level of the sea.
Not only has the level of the sea risen in twenty million years, but the land surfaces in which the cave men lived have gone under the sea now.
The city of Alexandria , in which the Egyptian queen Cleopatra lived, is now found at a depth of twenty feet below sea level!
Similarly, at the sea shore of Mamallapuram near Chennai, the Pallavas constructed seven temples called Pagodas a thousand years ago. But, on the sea shore only one temple is remaining to be seen now. In the year 2004, during the tsunami when the sea receded, tourists and fisher men were able to see ruins for a distance of two kilo meters. At present these ruins are found twenty feet below the sea.
The sea level is continuously rising.
The earth is sinking.
Yours,
Scientist, G. Ponmudi.
1. How did the animals reach the islands?
The giant tortoises and iguanas spotted by Charles Darwin in Falkland and Galapagos Islands serve as a best evidence for stating that, the earth is sinking.
The animals found on these islands clearly show us that, thousands of years ago the sea was thousands of feet lower and has risen up to the level that we find now.
In the year 1835, Charles Darwin began his journey of research in HMS Beagle, a ship fitted with sails.
He first reached the island, Falkland which was 400 kilo meters away from South America .
There, on the island, he found foxes which had wolf like faces. Though those foxes had not seen people before, they were not afraid of Charles Darwin or the people who accompanied him and were casually roaming about here and there on the island.
At that time, Darwin wondered how these animals which lived on land could have reached that deserted island.
Next, Darwin landed on Galapagos Island which was situated a thousand kilo meters away from South America .
To state specifically, Galapagos Islands are nothing but the summit of the volcanoes found at the depth of ten thousand feet in the Pacific Ocean . In addition, the giant tortoises found on Galapagos Islands are only capable of moving very slowly.
Tortoises on Galapagos Islands
Galapagos Islands consist of about fifteen large and small islands. The largest tortoises of the world are found on Galapagos Islands . There are fourteen species of Galapagos tortoises known as Geochelone nigra. The body structure and the shape of the shell in each type of tortoise found in the different islands are different from each other.
Specifically stating, the giant tortoises found on Galapagos Islands are herbivorous in nature and feed only on plants. Moreover the Isabella Island and Santa Cruz Island found in the Galapagos Islands are not only large islands but also contain abundant moisture and hence are green with vegetation.
As plant food is available at a lower level from the ground level, the neck and legs of the tortoises living on these islands are short.
Moreover the shells of tortoises found on Isabella Island and Santa Cruz Island appear like inverted large utensils or a tent.
Moreover the tortoises which on these islands weigh 290 kilos and appear like moving boulders. These tortoises will not be able to float in the sea even for a moment.
Darwin tried to lift one of the tortoises. But, he was unable to even move the giant tortoise! Hence he wondered how these tortoises could have reached the island found in the center of the sea.
The islands Espanola and Pinta of the Galapagos Islands are seen to be very dry islands. Cacti, which grow as high as trees are found on these islands. As plant food is available at a higher level from the ground level, the neck and legs of the tortoises living on these islands are longer than those found on the other islands.
Though the Galapagos Islands are seen to be very close to each other, moving from one island to another is impossible. But, the DNA testing showed that, the tortoises of Galapagos Islands are the descendents of the small structured Geochelone Nigra Chilensis species found in the continent of South America .
Moreover it has been discovered that the tortoises of Galapagos Islands and South America are the descendents of a common species which lived 6 million or 10 million years ago.
Moreover researchers believe that the tortoises which reached these islands along with huge branches of trees which were floating for about two weeks, and were initially washed ashore had abundant food available. As there were no predators, researchers believe that by feeding on the abundant food available, the tortoises evolved into large-sized species.
It should be noted that it is impossible for the tortoises of Galapagos Islands to move from one island to another. Moreover the tortoises found on one island reproduced only with the species found on that particular island, which led to the sighting of different species of tortoises on different islands.
When it is impossible for the tortoises to even go the next island, which is close by, definitely it would not have been possible for the tortoises to travel thousands of kilometers on the branches of trees for two weeks and reach here.
Researchers state that as tortoise’s body consists of abundant fat and water and hence they could have lived without food and water for two weeks during their sea voyage.
But, on the same Galapagos group of islands, on Santa Cruse Island a special type of rat called Nesoryzomys Darwini also lives.
Researchers believe that, the ancestors of the rat Nesoryzomys Darwini would have reached Galapagos Islands from the continent of South America by sea.
Researchers explain that, as tortoise’s body consists of abundant fat and water they could have lived without food and water for two weeks during their sea voyage.
But, how the rats which are very small animals could have survived without food and water for two weeks during their sea voyage?
Moreover, thirteen varieties of birds are found on Galapagos Islands . But, beaks of the birds found on Galapagos Islands are of different types. According to the observation of Darwin , the beaks of those birds that consumed fruits and nuts were broad like those of parrots. Darwin also observed that, those that consumed insects and worms from beneath the barks of trees had long and sharp beaks. Hence, based on his observation he discovered that all of them descended from a common ancestor.
The birds which reached Galapagos Islands many crores of years ago, had adapted themselves to the food that was available there at that time and developed into new species. Darwin understood that, such new adaptations were passed on to the oncoming generations.
Later he also found out that, all these animals have been the descendents of a single species. Due to this reason only he was surprised to see land snails on many islands. As the snails were not able to cross the sea area, he tried his level best to find out how they could have gone to so many islands.
Lonely George needs a bride
On the island of Pinta , which is one of the islands of Galapagos Islands , lives a tortoise which is the only one belonging to the family Geochelone Nigra abingdoni. Ten thousand dollars prize money has been announced for any one who could bring a bride belonging to the same species for this lonely tortoise called George.
George indulged in the process of reproduction with a female tortoise which is a close relative belonging to the species called Geochelone Nigra becki found on the Island of Isabella . But, not even one egg gave rise to a tortoise.
The closest relatives of lonely George tortoise are found on the islands, San Cristobel and Espanola which are very far away from the island of Pinta .
Iguanas of Galapagos Islands
The lizard like animals known as iguanas, which can grow up to six feet in length are also found on Galapagos Islands . There are two different types of iguanas on Galapagos Islands . The sea iguana called Amblyrhynchus cristatus, feeds on the moss found under the sea.
As sea mosses contain abundant salt, the sea iguanas which consume them also have large amounts of salt deposits in their bodies. Sea iguanas have a gland in their nose which separates the excess salt from their bodies.
When sea iguanas exhale air fast through their nose like sneezing, the salt is eliminated through the nose. But, the iguanas which consume cactus like plants do not have glands in their nose like the sea iguanas.
The iguanas found on Galapagos Islands are the descendents of the green iguanas seen in the continent of South America , particularly in Central America .
Researchers believe that, the iguanas would have reached these islands along with huge branches of trees or plants which were floating for about two weeks in the sea.
Unlike the mammals which maintain a constant body temperature, iguanas are incapable of maintaining a constant body temperature. Hence, iguanas change their temperature according to the atmospheric temperature.
During winter season, when the body temperature of the iguanas reduces, they are unable to function fast. During there periods, iguanas are preyed upon by other animals.
It rained iguanas
For example, in the year 2008, during the month of January, iguanas kept falling from the trees found along the roadside in Florida in North America . It was because, as the iguanas were totally frozen, they were unable to hold on to the branches of the trees.
In the after noon , when the heat of the sun increased, a few of the iguanas regained consciousness and climbed the trees. Most of the other iguanas were crushed under the wheels of vehicles that passed by. This incident was telecast as ‘iguana rain’ by a local television channel.
When such is the case, how could the iguanas have traveled day and night in the sea and reached these islands along with floating vegetation?
Before diving into the sea to feed on the moss found in the sea, the iguanas living on Galapagos Islands lie down on the rocks found on the sea shore up to noon to increase their body temperature.
Then they dive into the sea to feed on the moss and after consuming, once again lie down on the rocks to regain the lost temperature. Some times, the iguanas lie close together to keep themselves warm. It is note worthy that during the night, the iguanas burrow into the sand and keep themselves warm.
The archeologists who evaluated the rocks of the Galapagos Islands have found out that the rocks have been formed four million years ago. Based on their findings, the archeologists have discovered that the Galapagos Islands have been formed only four million years ago.
But, according to the DNA testing, it has bee found that, the iguanas evolved from a common ancestor before twenty million years. Hence, it is really puzzling to note that the iguanas living on Galapagos Islands seem to be older than the islands themselves.
Researchers are of the opinion that long before their migration to Galapagos Islands , the iguanas living on Galapagos Islands could have lived on some other islands for millions of years. Researchers have stated that, those islands would have sunk in the sea and they might be re-discovered later.
In the mean time, geologists have collected and tested rock samples from the volcanoes which are found submerged at 6,500 feet below sea level in the sea between the continent of South America and Galapagos Islands . Researchers discovered that the rock samples collected from the volcanoes submerged at 6,500 feet below sea level unlike the volcanic rocks above ground level, did not contain carbon in them.
Based on their findings, researchers have found out that, the volcanoes which are found submerged at 6,500 feet below sea level in the sea now, have been volcanic islands above the ground level millions of years ago. Moreover, the researchers had seen marks of erosion on a rock near a submerged volcano by sea waves and also pebbles. All these show that, thousands of years ago, the level of the sea had been 6,500 feet lower and those volcanoes had been islands above the sea level.
Hence, it is proved that millions of years ago, when the level of the sea between the continent of South America and Galapagos Islands was thousands of feet lower, along the land connection iguanas had migrated from South America to the Galapagos volcanic region.
Like the iguanas, giant tortoises too had migrated from South America to the Galapagos volcanic region along the ground connection. Later when the level of the sea rose, Galapagos volcanoes came to be known as Galapagos Islands .
Iguanas in the center of the Pacific Ocean
To state specifically, Fiji Island , which is at a distance of eight thousand kilometers away from South America , has two different species of iguanas namely, Brachylophus vitiensis and Brachylophus fasciatus.
How were the iguanas able to cross a sea stretch of eight thousand kilometers?
Researchers believe that, these iguanas would have reached Galapagos Islands which is 1000 kilometers away from the continent of South America along with huge branches of trees or plants which were floating for about two weeks in the sea.
When things stand thus, how the iguanas survived with out food and water during the journey for a minimum of 16 weeks that is, a little more than one year to Fiji Island , which is at a distance of eight thousand kilometers away from South America in the center of the Pacific Ocean ?
Crossing eight kilometers of sea, on floating vegetation and branches of trees would take many months. But, iguanas could not have traveled on floating vegetation and branches of trees for many months and reached Fiji Island from South America .
Hence, the presence of iguanas on Fiji Island , which is at a distance of eight thousand kilometers from South America in the center of the Pacific Ocean , clearly shows that, thousands of years ago the level of the Pacific Ocean had been ten thousand feet lower than what it is at present.
Just as the iguanas had migrated along the ground connection from the continent of South America to the Galapagos volcanic region, they also migrated along the mountains found above the Pacific Ocean from the continent of South America to Fiji Islands .
Iguanas known as “Coloradoan Madagascariensis” are found on Madagascar which is situated 400 kilo meters away from the continent of Africa . But, it should be noted that, iguanas are not found in the continent of Africa and Asia or the continent of Europe . Iguanas are found only in five places on the earth.
They are, South America , Galapagos Islands , Caribbean Islands , Fiji Islands and the island of Madagascar . How did the iguanas spread to these five places which have no connection with each other?
The iguanas which have been sighted on the continent of South America are not only found on the Galapagos Islands on the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean, but also on Fiji Island which is in the center of the Pacific Ocean and the Island of Madagascar on the other side of South America and in Indian Ocean. The main reason for this is that, millions of years ago, when the level of the sea was thousands of feet lower than it is at present, the central mountain range which is submerged at present at a depth of six thousand feet was a continuous range above the sea level.
When the central mountain range, which is submerged at present at a depth of six thousand feet was found continuous above the sea level thousands of years ago, the giant tortoises, iguanas, different species of lizards and mammals including the foxes had migrated from one place to another.
Later, the sea had risen up. The frogs and lizards present on the different islands show that thousands of years ago the level of the Pacific Ocean had been thousands of feet lower than what it is at present.
The Ice age myth
Similarly, ice age is mentioned as a reason for the rising of the sea level. It is believed that 12,000 years ago most of the land was covered by layers of ice and snow and later when it melted and flowed into the sea, the level of the sea rose.
The reason for the occurrence of ice age was believed to be the changes that took place on the orbit of the earth. When the earth moved a little away from the sun and revolved around it, the temperature decreased and layers of ice were formed and when the earth moved closer to the sun and revolved, the temperature rose and this resulted in the melting of the layers of ice. The contradiction is that, when the earth moves away from the sun and the temperature falls, the evaporation of sea water will also be reduced. So, the water which is already on land will only turn to ice.
Similarly when the earth moves closer to the sun, the temperature will rise and at the same time, both the melting of ice as well as the evaporation of sea water will take place simultaneously and so, no noticeable change will take place in the level of the sea.
Moreover, as the bones of dinosaurs found in the continent of Antarctica match with the bones found in the continent of South America and the continent of Australia , we come to know that dinosaurs had begun their journey from South America , traveled through Antarctica and reached Australia .
These continents are separated from each other by the sea which is up to two thousand feet deep. So, 65 million years ago if the sea level had been 2000 feet lower, these dinosaurs could have migrated from one continent to another.
What could be the reason for the sea to rise 2000 feet high? Definitely it cannot be attributed to ice age. It may be because, 700 – 600 million years ago, during ice age not only the land but also the sea was covered with thick layers of ice which extended to a height of many kilo meters says the ice age theory. But the recently discovered proofs have made these theories questionable.
Researcher Blair Hedges and his group from the University of Pennsylvania wanted to find out when plants first appeared on earth with the help of DNA tests and this group has declared that even before 700 million years ago non green plants like fungi have lived on earth. This clearly shows that during this period of time, the earth’s crust was not covered by Ice.
Similarly, a group of researchers headed by Dr. Dan Condon of the University of St. Andrews have stated that based on the fact that the fossils of animals which lived 600 million years ago found in the rocks of West Scotland , Namibia and California , the sea in this area could not have been covered with ice during that period.
Similarly, researcher Allison Alcott of South California University says that the earth was not covered with ice 600 million years ago after seeing the fossils of living things in the slates found in Libya , Canada , Australia and Brazil which had been photosynthesizing using sun light.
Moreover, Phillip Alan, a professor of London College and a researcher, after conducting research on the rocks and finding out the Chemical reactions that took place due to the weather conditions which prevailed 850 – 544 million years ago at Oman, states that there had been no ice age at all..
If it is true that the whole earth had been covered with ice many kilometers high, where did all that ice disappear? If such a huge quantity of ice had melted and turned in to water, no part of earth would be visible above the earth now. So, ice age is just an imaginary theory.
Hence, ice age is not the reason for the sea to be two thousand feet low at a point of time and later rise upwards. In fact, thousands of hot water springs which are under the sea and letting out?
Hydrothermal vent Water even today is only responsible for the rise in the sea level.
During the Ice age also the sea level has risen.
Even in Ice age, it has come to our notice that there have been a lot of differences in the sea level within a short period of time.. This too has surprised the scientists. Due to change in the temperatures in the polar areas, the snow layers keep melting and when there is snow fall again, the snow layers keep forming again which produce differences in the level of the sea. Usually, this rise and fall will be 100 feet in one lakh of years.
Scientists are of the opinion that this change in the level of the sea would have taken place in one lakh of years due to the changes that occurred on the orbit on which the earth revolves around the sun. Other than that, the scientists were under the impression that twelve thousand years ago the level of the sea in Ice age was stable.
When this was the prevailing condition, two scientists of the Columbia University, William Thomson and Steven L Goldstein have discovered a new method in which, by studying the amount of radio active uranium present in the fossils of the sea moss deposited on the land, we can find out accurately how the level of the sea had been thousands of years ago.
On the basis of this when they conducted a research; it had been found that, in Ice age also huge changes have occurred in the sea level. There had been changes in about 30 meters height. This is an unexpected and surprising happening. This event has taken place between 3000 to 9000 years.
Origin of ocean
We know that the molten rock material called magma is found inside the earth as we have seen it coming out through volcanoes. In the same way, when the molten rock, lava flows on the earth’s surface, we can see the condensed steam and other gases in the form of white colored smoke.
As the water and other hot gases are eliminated as steam, the molten rock cools down and turned in to rock. In the same way when the molten rock inside the earth starts cooling, water and Other hot gases come out in the form of white smoke. Due to this, the temperature of the land rises.
Matsushiro in central Japan experienced a number of mild quakes. To find out the reason for these quakes, a researcher by the name yoshida collected Water from the hot water springs found there and through experimentation discovered that the water was from the molten rock found underground.
Salt in sea water – a contradiction
It was believed that the hot planet earth was lashed with rain for millions of years and this resulted in the formation of the sea.
It was thought that, the salt deposits in the rocks were dissolved by rains and was brought by the river water to the sea and later due to the process of evaporation, the water alone goes up and the salt is left behind. When this happens continuously for millions of years, the sea water becomes saline.
Why is sodium chloride abundant in the sea?
But, river water contains more of calcium and bicarbonate salts. Sea contains enormous quantities of sodium chloride which is used by us for cooking. That is, there is a lot of difference between the salts found in the river water and the sea water.*(21) so, how did the excess sodium chloride get into the sea?
In the beginning, our earth was a planet of molten rock and volcanoes. As it cooled gradually with the help of sedimentary rocks, the earth’s crust was formed.
Similarly, when the rocky plates were formed from the molten rock, the water got separated and came out which formed the sea. In the beginning, the sodium chloride salt which was inside the earth came out through volcanoes in the form of gas and this is the reason for the sea water to contain excess of sodium chloride salt.
“Io” the moon of Jupiter which is made up of molten rock is in support of this theory.
Io has on its surface, volcanoes which are hotter than those found on the earth. Darrel Strobel, a researcher belonging to the John Hopkins University of America, has found out that from these volcanoes, including sodium and chloride, other materials needed for making salt are spewed out on the moon. *(22)
Through the telescope, in 1974, a researcher by the name Bob Brown had declared that there were thin clouds of sodium in the atmosphere of Io. But, this surprised many researchers because there were no deposits of salt found anywhere on Io.
The puzzle of thirty years has been solved now by Darrel Strobel, who has found out that from these volcanoes, including sodium and Chloride; other materials are spewed out in the form of gases.
Moreover, once upon a time when our earth was a planet of molten rock, the volcanoes in the same way, were spewing sodium chloride and other salts which resulted in the excess of sodium chloride found in the sea.
As Io is a moon of molten rock at a very high temperature, its outer surface has not yet cooled and become rocky. When Jupiter revolves on an elongated path of its orbit and comes closer, Io which is spherical becomes slightly elliptical in shape due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter. *(23)
Io also has a gas called silicon mono oxide. This gas is also found in some of the less hot stars’ atmospheres.
Similarly, sodium gas is found in the atmosphere of Osiris, a giant comet like planet which is 220 times larger than earth and is revolving around the star HD 209458.*(24) So, it is clear that after their thin atmosphere gets evaporated the stars only become planets with their raw materials which do not get evaporated easily.
Based on the molten rock moon, Io which has a very high temperature and salt volcanoes, it becomes clear that once upon a time even our earth had volcanoes that emitted sodium chloride. Similarly, based on the fact that the less hot stars, the Osiris, a giant comet like planet which is 220 times larger than earth and Io have sodium, it is also become clear that the stars only become planets.
Why does the sea level increase?
The existence of three volcanoes two thousand feet below the sea level, three hundred kilometers from the sea shore of Los Angeles which is in the southern part of California has been discovered. The fascinating aspect of this is that, it was found that in the past all these three under sea volcanoes had been volcanic islands with beautiful sea shores.
When the rocks of those under sea volcanoes were tested with the help of sea research robots, the rocks showed reactions caused by atmospheric oxygen. Based on these Findings, researchers state “the volcanoes were once above the sea level”.
More over, near the volcanoes, researchers found sea eroded rocks and spherical pebbles. Hence, it is proved that on the western side of Los Angeles city, the Pacific Ocean ’s level had been two thousand feet lower before and has risen up now.
Initially, our earth was a planet of molten rocks. Later, while it started cooling gradually, the surface hardened to form the earth’s crust. While it hardened, the steam which was released was condensed to form water. When that water got stagnated on the earth, sea was formed. As the molten rock inside the earth is still cooling and hardening, new rocky plates are formed below the earth.
Similarly, when the molten rock inside the earth cools to form new rocky plates, as the steam which is expelled from the molten rock cools, water is also formed below the earth. When this water comes out through deep sea hot water springs and mixes with the sea, the sea level rises.
How did earthworms reach the islands?
From Galapagos Islands Darwin next reached Island of Tahiti which is in the central part of the Pacific Ocean . Darwin learnt that on Tahiti lived rare species of earthworms which were not found on any other part of the world.
Darwin stated as follows in his book:
“Earthworms are present in large numbers on many isolated islands and on Iceland . It has been found that, they are also spotted on West Indies Islands , Saint Helena , Madagascar , New Caledonia and Tahiti .
Researchers have already explained about the earthworms found on Kerguelen Island . Darwin had stated that he had seen earthworms on the Island of Falkland .
Unlike millipedes, earthworms do not have legs. Hence, earthworms cannot climb on trees or plants or creepers like the millipedes do. Similarly, the mucus secreted by earthworms is not sticky like that of the mucus of snails. So, earthworms could not have reached the islands by getting stuck to leaves or dry leaves which can glide along with wind.
It should be noted that earthworms are living things that breathe with their skin.
When the air in between soil particles is attracted by the slimy secretion from the body of the earthworm, the oxygen in the air penetrates the skin and gets mixed with its blood. Similarly, the carbon-dioxide in earthworm’s blood is eliminated through the skin and mixes with the air outside and breathing takes place.
If the earthworm remains in the air for a long time, the moisture on its body will dry up and it cannot breathe. Similarly, the earthworm’s body dries up in sunlight and so it cannot survive.
Hence the earthworms come above the soil only in the evening and night. During rains also earthworms come above the soil. The moisture on the earthworm’s body will be intact in the evening, night and during rain.
Hence, the earthworms could not have traveled on floating plants and branches of trees for many days and reached the islands.
The earthworms could not have survived the sun and the wind for many days and reached the islands. So the presence of rare species of earthworms in Tahiti, which are not found in any other part of the world shows that, thousands of years ago the level of the ocean had been thousands of feet lower than what it is at present and had provided a link between the continents and islands.
Apart from this, earthworms and their eggs are capable of absorbing the salt in the sea water. If such a thing happened, the earthworms would die. Based on this, Dr. Frank E. Beddard, who discovered many species of earthworms has stated in his book’ “The opinion that the earthworms would have traveled on floating plants and reached the islands cannot be accepted.”
Surrounding the continent of Antarctica , each of the volcanic islands namely, Falkland , Kerguelen, Saint Georgia , Crozet, Macquarie , Campbell and Auckland have their own rare species of earthworms which can only be seen in each of these islands.
How could the earthworms, which cannot migrate along with the wind or float along with floating plants, have reached the different volcanic islands found many hundreds of kilometers apart, surrounding the continent of Antarctica?
Many thousands of years ago, when the level of the sea was thousands of feet lower, there should have been a link between the continents and the present day islands which were once volcanoes and the earthworms would have migrated to the different islands through that land link.
A type of earthworm, known as Microscolex, which is a native of the continent of South America is found on the different volcanic islands surrounding the continent of Antarctica . So, the presence the earthworm, known as Microscolex on these islands proves that, many thousands of years ago there should have been a land link between the continent of South America and the different volcanic islands surrounding it.
The submerged continent
On the extreme southern end of the Indian Ocean , near the continent of Antarctica , is the island, Kerguelen on which a rare variety of earthworms called Microscolex are found.
For a long time, it has been a puzzle as to how the earthworms would have reached the volcanic island Kerguelen, which is situated in the center of a rough sea.
At the same time American researchers started to probe, when the volcanic island Kerguelen came in to existence.
The island of Kerguelen is a volcano, which is located on a flat plateau at a depth of two kilometers below the sea level. Researchers collected rocks formed by the molten rock material, which had oozed out of the central portion of the under sea plateau which is known as the Kerguelen plateau and conducted a study.
Then, it came to light that those rocks had been formed twenty million years ago. In addition, the researchers also discovered in those submerged volcanic rocks, the fossils of burnt parts of trees, seeds and pollen grains.
Based on these findings, Dr Mike Coffin of the University of Texas , also the head of the research team stated that, twenty million years ago this under sea plateau had been an island above the sea level.
So, it has been proved by the fossils of trees from the under sea Kerguelen plateau that twenty million years ago the level of the sea had been two kilometers lower than it is at present.
So, the presence the South American earthworm, known as Microscolex, on the volcanic island of Kerguelen, formed from the under sea Kerguelen plateau two kilometers above sea level, also goes to proves this.
Hence, as the sea level had been two kilometers lower, the earthworms had migrated from the land of South America to the Kerguelen volcanic region.
It is possible for earthworms which live in the soil, to migrate from one place to another along the land.
Hence, by the presence the South American earthworms on the volcanic island of Kerguelen and the fossils of trees from the central part of the under sea Kerguelen plateau which is submerged two kilometers below the level of the sea, it has been proved beyond doubt, that the sea level had been two kilometers lower twenty million years ago.
Lizards and frogs.
As frogs live both on land and water, they are known as ‘amphibians.’ But frogs mostly spend their life time near water bodies. The main reason for this is, the first life which originated in the sea had to undergo a lot of evolutionary changes. Frogs were breathing with the help of gills in the tadpole stage but, developed lungs in due course to lead a terrestrial life. But, the reason for frogs to live near water bodies is that, unlike snakes and lizards, frog’s eggs are smooth and slimy and are laid in shallow waters. If these eggs were exposed to wind or sunlight for a long time the water content in them will get evaporated and the embryo in the eggs will die.
Similarly, the skin of the frog is very thin and moist and so the frog always avoids windy and sunny places. Hence, frogs come out during rainy season and reproduce. The most important thing to be noted is that the frog cannot survive in sea water. It is because, when the excess salt from the sea water gets into its body, the frog will die.
Under these circumstances, the reason for the presence of frogs on islands is that, twenty million years ago the sea level was two miles lower than it is now.
When compared to frogs, we can say that lizards are a slightly advanced group of animals because they lay eggs which are protected by shells. Hence there is no necessity for the eggs to be laid in the water or near water.
Moreover the body of lizards and garden lizards are covered with dry scales. This prevents the water in the body from being evaporated. So these animals have spread out far from water bodies.
The toes of lizards and garden lizards are capable of holding on to the branches of trees but are not designed to swim. So, the reason for wild lizards and garden lizards to live on many islands is that the sea level was two miles lower, twenty million of years ago. It is not possible to say that man would have taken them there, because on each island, the wild lizards are of different kinds. Likewise, after millions of years new species will evolve.
Hence, as the lizards and frogs are different from each other, it clearly shows that before man could inhabit those islands, these animals have gone there. So, the reason for wild lizards and frogs which cannot swim to live on many islands in the middle of the sea is that, the sea level was two miles lower, twenty million years ago.
How did field frogs cross the sea?
After harvest, in paddy fields a species of frog commonly called as “Rice Frog” and scientifically known as limno nectus limcharis are spotted. These frogs are not only found in the island of Srilanka and Indonesia but also on the islands of Japan and Philippines .
In the same way a kind of lizard called Aranai in Tamil and scientifically known as Tiliqua Gigas with a blue tongue is found in Papua New Guinea , Guam , Aru and Bismarck islands. Similarly, a kind of lizard with a blue coloured tail and scientifically known as Emoia caeruleocauda is found in Malaysia , Indonesia , Philippines , New Guinea and Solomon Islands . To be specific, these animals cannot swim in the sea. The reason for their presence in these islands is that, the sea level was two miles lower, twenty million years ago.
Leaf shaped snails in the continent of Australia .
In the island continent of Australia , yellow colored shell less snail is found. This species of snail is also found in Papua New Guinea islands, on the Eastern side of New Zealand and on the southern side, island Macquarie . A researcher, T.W Burton of Victoria University has stated “The spreading of these snails from the continent of Australia to the nearby islands cannot be determined using “the knowledge available at present”.
“Partula snails”
Snails that live on land breathe through lungs. These snails cannot swim in the sea. But, Partula Gibba, a species of snail lives in Guam Mariana and the other nine volcanic islands found on East Asian island area of Philippines . How could a terrestrial snail reach the volcanic islands found in the centre of the sea?
The other species of the same snail are found on the islands Samoa , Tahiti and Marcos, situated in the “centre of the Pacific Ocean ” which is eight thousand five hundred kilometers on the western side of Philippines Island . Researchers say that these snails could have reached there by air or by the sea water currents. But, as the earth is rotating from west to east, the wind blows from west to east in the Pacific Ocean area.
Similarly, water currents are also running from west to east. In this situation, therefore the question raised, how could the snails have traveled from Philippines which is on the eastern side and reached the islands, Samoa and Tahiti which are situated in the centre of the Pacific Ocean , on the western side through air?
Hence, when the Pacific Ocean was ten thousand feet lower, there had been land connections between the continents and the islands and using this link, these snails must have reached the land in the centre of the ocean. Later when the land rose, these land areas were surrounded by sea water and they shrunk into islands.
Amber snails on Hawaii Island
On one side of the spherical earth, continents are situated and the other side comprises of the Pacific Ocean . Surrounding the Pacific Ocean , the continents of North America , South America , Asia and Australia are found. The volcanic island of Hawaii is situated in the central part of the Pacific Ocean , more than two thousand kilo meters away from these land areas. But the amber snails which are in the color of amber and found in North America , South America , Asia and Australia are found on this island too.
Definitely these amber snails could not have reached the volcanic island of Hawaii situated in the central part of the Pacific Ocean , more than two thousand kilo meters away from these land areas by wind or water currents. Hence, these amber snails also prove that the Pacific Ocean had been lower before.
The extraordinary journey of snails
In the continent of Europe , Balea snails which have a very small nut like shell are found sticking to the trees. These snails are found on “ Azores ”, a volcanic island which is in the central region of North Atlantic Ocean , one thousand five hundred kilo meters away from the continent of Europe .
Dr. Richard Breeze of Cambridge University says that these snails could have stuck to the legs of birds and reached the island. This explanation sounds extraordinary because birds are in the habit of cleaning themselves often. *(9)
The same species of snails which are found on the northern hemisphere on the island, Azores situated in between North America and Europe in North Atlantic Ocean is Also found on the volcanic island of “Tristan de Cunha” in the southern hemisphere between the continents, South America and South Africa in the central part of South Atlantic Ocean which is nine thousand kilo meters away from Azores .
So, the explanation which states that these Balea snails would have stuck to the legs of birds and reached Azores becomes questionable. It is because, the theory of Balea snails had moved from one island to another by following the same method of clinging to the legs of birds sounds unacceptable.
Then how could these snails have spread in both the islands?
To be specific, both these islands are the highest peaks of a mountain range which starts from the northern hemisphere and extends to the southern hemisphere below the sea and protrude above the surface of the Atlantic Ocean .
This under sea mountain range is eight thousand feet above the sixteen thousand feet deep sea bed of the Atlantic Ocean . But, it is six thousand feet below the sea level.
As already known through different kinds of evidence, twenty million years ago when the sea was ten thousand feet lower than it is now, this under water mountain range was four thousand feet higher. So, Balea snails found on “Azores”, a volcanic island which is in the central region of North Atlantic Ocean, traveled by land and reached the volcanic island of “Tristan da Cunha” in the central part of South Atlantic Ocean.
After this, as the sea level rose ten thousand feet, the mountain range which was above sea level got submerged in the sea.
So, Balea snails did not cling to the legs of birds and reach the island by air but in fact, twenty million years ago they traveled on the Atlantic mountain range which was above the sea level and reached the island of “ Tristan da Cunha ” from the island of Azores .
The Extraordinary sea voyage of frogs.
From the body of the thin skinned frog, water will get easily evaporated. This will cause the death of the frog. To prevent this, the skin of the frog will always be moist. In spite of this natural protection, the frog comes out only in the rainy season. It always lives in wet shady areas and avoids too much of sun and windy places. To be specific, frogs will not move far away from water bodies.
When it is so, Dr. Blair Hedges of the Pennsylvania University has found out through DNA test that, the frogs found in the Caribbean Islands had their ancestors in the continent of South America .
But, these ancestors would have traveled from South America to Caribbean Islands on sea plants which was washed out into the sea by the force of rivers and they would have had insects to eat and water to drink on those sea plant – says Hedges.*(10)
But, as the Atlantic Ocean’s level was ten thousand feet lower, the frogs have traveled from South America to the Caribbean by land through the connection that existed then. After the land rose, South America and the Caribbean also rose.
Animals on islands-a mystery
In 1931, when Charles Darwin visited the Falkland Island in the Atlantic Ocean , situated 500 miles away from South America , he found a new species of wolf moving about freely without any fear on the island and he was surprised.
The wolf gave them surprised looks as if they had never seen human beings before.
Till this day, it has been very puzzling as to how these creatures came to be on that isolated island.
Can animals cross the ocean?
Animals which have pouches to carry their young like the kangaroo are called marsupial mammals. As the fossils of these marsupials were found in the continents of North America , South America and Antarctica , it was concluded that these animals migrated from North America through the continent of Antarctica to Australia . But, recently the bones of the ancestors of kangaroos which lived 125 million years ago have been unearthed in China .
Researcher Tom Rich of the Victoria museum of Melbourne city says that this opens a new vista regarding the evolution of mammals. This strengthens the view that from China these kangaroos could have gone to Australia and the sea level had also been very low to help these animals to move from one continent to another.
Did monkeys cross the Atlantic Ocean ?
According to Wagner’s theory of moving continents, it was believed that 150 million years ago South America was detached from the continent of Africa , moved towards west and reached the position in which it is now situated. Researches show that only 3 million years ago the land of Panama appeared between North America and South America and united both these continents.
Wagner’s theory states that till then South America was an island continent. Recently the jaw bones of a monkey which lived 20 million years ago have been found in Andes Mountain at South America . After examining the teeth, researchers have stated that this species of monkeys originated in Africa .
At present, the DNA tests conducted on the monkeys living in South America also showed that their ancestors reached there from Africa . (Researcher Diane Rowe of Massachusetts University said that even the rabbit like animals living at present in America traveled on the Atlantic using floating plants and logs and reached here from Africa ).
The problem here is, researcher John Flynn of the Chicago city museum states that the ancestors of these monkeys traveled on floating plants and logs 20 million years ago and crossed the 2000 miles broad Atlantic Ocean and reached here. Moreover we were under the impression that the Andes Mountain originated 100,000,000 years ago.
The recently discovered bones have made us understand that it originated later and the theories about the formation of Andes have completely changed. But, as the sea level was very low, there is a possibility that from Africa these monkeys could have reached South America by land. Moreover the DNA tests conducted on monkeys found on Jamaica also revealed that they were from Africa . So, it is clear that the sea level had been very low many million years ago.
How were the dwarf elephants able to reach the islands?
Until twelve thousand years ago, a dwarf species of elephants called Pygmy Stegodon had lived in different parts of the world. Specifically stating, these Stegodon elephant species were only of the height of a buffalo.
The fossils of the Pygmy elephant Stegodon were found on the Indonesian Islands , Flores and Timor . But, the bone fossils of the Pygmy elephant Stegodon which were found on the Indonesian Islands , Flores and Timor are different from each other in their structure.
Based on this, the Pygmy elephant Stegodon found on Flores has been classified as Stegodon florensis and those elephants that lived on Timor have been classified as Stegodont Timorensis. But the fossils of the Pygmy elephant, Stegodon discovered from the islands, Flores and Timor have more similarities than the fossils of the Pygmy elephant Stegodon found on the islands of Sumatra , Java and Japan .
Based on this, scientist and zoologist D. A. HOOIJER of Leiden College has stated that, the movement of elephant, Stegodon between Flores and Timor islands should have been there for a long time.
M.G.Adley Charles, a geologist of the London Imperial College states that there should have been a land link between Flores and Timor islands to help the elephants to move to and fro.
By the similarities found between the fossils of the short elephant Stegodon discovered from the Indonesian Islands, Flores and Timor, it is proved that the sea had been 4,000 feet lower twelve thousand years ago and has risen.
Hence, it is true that, the sea level had been 4,000 feet lower twelve thousand years ago and has risen.
2. How did Stone Age men reach these islands?
Dwarfs of Flores Island
A surprise for Theodor!
One day, Theodor Verhoeven, a Christian priest living in Flores, one of the Indonesian islands, was going from his house to the church. There was a mud slide on the way, and he noticed some bones jutting out of the mud.
Theodore was also a trained paleontologist. So, as soon as he saw the bones, immediately Theodore knew that they belonged to the short elephant species, Stegodon. But, what surprised Theodor were not the bones of the elephant.
Bones belonging to the dwarf elephant species had already been excavated from many Indonesian Islands . Verhoeven was of the opinion that these dwarf elephants would have swam to the Flores Island .
But, what surprised Theodor was some sharp tipped, knife edged, handy stone weapons which were found near the bones.
Already the human skull belonging to Homo erectus who lived one lakh of years ago had been discovered from the island of Java by anthropologists.
So, Theodore came to the conclusion that, Homo erectus, who lived eight lakhs of years ago, had visited Flores Island to hunt the elephants.
Immediately he submitted his research article to Anthrop, the anthropology magazine. But, the anthropologists who were publishing the magazine, Anthrop rejected Theodore’s article. The reason was Flores Island could not be reached easily. If Flores Island had to be reached from the continent of Asia , a person should cross many islands like, Sumatra , Java, Lombok , Sumbawa and Komodo.
Specifically stating, from the island, Bali we should travel 25 kilometers on sea. Moreover the island Bali and the island Lombok are separated by swift water currents. Similarly between the island Sumbawa and Flores Island , a dangerous current known as Sape strait is found.
So, Flores Island can only be reached by sea travel. But, sea travel is team effort. To do it effectively, to convey opinions to others and to function as a team, language was indispensable. Anthropologists were of the opinion that, Homo erectus who lived eight lakhs of years ago was not that intelligent. So, they did not accept Theodore’s article.
Though all these happened in the year 1963, how the Stone Age tools reached Flores Island was not explained at all.
Mungo man
The ancient tribes living in the continent of Australia for the past 40,000 years are known as aborigines.
Till date, it has been puzzling as to how these people from the continent of Asia discovered the continent of Australia and settled there.
After a one day cyclone in the dry, Mungo lake area in the southern part of Australia , human bones were visible from below the soil.
When the archaeological research team heard about it, they exhumed the skeleton of a man, who was buried according to customs and rituals.
When the age of the bones was tested, it was revealed that it belonged to a man who lived 34,000 years ago. The bones belonging to the hands of the man called Mungo man were thinner than all the other bones of the hand excavated till now.
By observing the body of the present day ancient tribes living in the continent of Australia known as aborigines, we can say that they are not a strong tribe. So, researchers are of the opinion that the cave men could not have reached the continent of Australia by an adventurous sea travel.
But, between the continent of Asia and the continent of Australia which is five thousand kilometers away, is a row of chain-like stretch of Indonesian Islands are found.
Specifically stating, only if eight regions of sea currents are crossed, it is possible to reach the continent of Australia from the continent of Asia . So, till date it has not been explained how Stone Age men would have reached the continent of Australia , 40,000 years ago.
Research archaeologist of Australia , Dr. Michael Morwood tried to find an answer for this question. As Theodore Verhoeven had already discovered stone weapons used eight lakhs of years ago from Flores Island , he started his research from Flores Island .
In the excavation conducted by Dr. Michael Morwood in Soa basin, a valley in the central part of Flores Island , many crude stone weapons were found. When their age was tested, they were found that they existed 8, 40, 000 years ago.
Next, Morwood’s team conducted their excavation in a limestone cave found on the western part of Flores Island . Many researchers had already excavated human bones and stone weapons from that cave.
But, Dr. Michael Morwood dug the floor of the cave to a depth of 20 feet and conducted his research. At that time he got a skull which was extremely wet. As the skull was very small, at first it was thought to be the skull of a child.
But, as its jaw showed the impression of a fallen molar, it was found out to be the skull of a fully grown adult. When the hip, thigh and bones of the hand which were near the skull were assembled, it was discovered to be the bones of a woman.
But, the height of the skeleton was only three feet like that of a three year old child. So, it was considered to be the skeleton of a stunted woman with a chromosomal deformity.
But, when the parts of the eight skeletons discovered from the same cave were assembled, it was found that, all of them were of three feet height only. While determining the age of the bones, it was revealed that the bones belonged to people who lived 12,000 years ago.
So, the question arises as to how these dwarf-like, three-foot people, who were only up to the height of our waist, just like the primary school children, could have reached Flores Island by crossing the dangerous, swift currents during the difficult sea journey.
Island Rule
Morwood gave a different type of explanation for answering this question. Already, researchers had discovered the fossils of skeletons of dwarf animals from a few islands. Specifically stating, the skeletons of dwarf hippopotamus were excavated from the island of Madagascar . Based on that, Morwood explained that, when the animals first came to the island, they would have been of normal size but, later as they were unable to leave the island and due to scarcity of food, might have evolved into dwarf animals.
That is, as they were unable to leave the island, in order to survive they got adapted to the low food situation. This change is referred to as rule of the island by scholars of zoology.
According to the rule of the island, animals that are larger than a rabbit will get converted in to smaller animals and those that are smaller than a rabbit will get converted to larger size as big as the rabbit. On Flores Island , the bone fossils of giant rats were already excavated.
Referring to the rule of the island, Dr. Michael Morwood said that, eight lakhs of years ago ancient people belonging to Homo erectus, who had our body size, had reached the island by sea and later as they were unable to leave the island and due to scarcity of food, might have evolved into dwarf people within eight lakhs of years.
To strengthen his opinion, Morwood argued that, eight lakhs of years ago, ancient people belonging to Homo erectus who were the fore fathers of Homo sapiens to which we belong, would have had language skills and the intelligence to make catamarans by team work and take up a sea voyage.
But, the anthropologists did not accept Morwood’s theory. According to these anthropologists, Homo sapiens of whom we are the descendents are the only people who had developed the intelligence to use language skills.
Specifically, as the brain of the dwarf woman was 380 grams, which was the size of a large grape, it made them have doubts regarding the intelligence of Flores island dwarfs.
The Flores Island dwarf woman’s brain was even smaller than that of a chimpanzee. The brain weight of people belonging to the group Homo erectus was 1,100 grams and that of present day Homo sapiens is 1,500 grams. Based on the fossils that have been discovered until now, it has come to light that nine types of human beings have existed till now of which Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Homo ergaster are a few.
Dr. Karen Baab of America , an anthropologist, with the help of a computer, compared the bones that were found in Flores Island with that of the other human bones which were found until now.
Based on her findings, Dr. Karen Baab has classified the dwarfs of Flores Island as the tenth type of humans who has not been known till now.
When she constricted the size of the skeleton of a man belonging to Homo erectus, with the help of a computer, it did not match with the skeleton of Flores island dwarfs.
Through her startling discovery, Dr. Karen Baab proved beyond doubt that, as stated by Dr. Morwood, the Flores island dwarfs did not evolve as a shorter form of the tall species of Homo erectus.
Moreover, when the feet bones of the Flores island dwarfs were examined, the curve that we find in our feet was not found. The Flores Island dwarfs were flat- footed. So, like us, they can neither brisk walk a long distance nor run. Dr. Karen Baab states that their walk would have been similar to a duck walk.
As our hands are joined to our sides, we can be erect and easily stretch or fold our hand and do things. But, the hands of the Flores island dwarfs were joined in front. So, while using their hands they should have been slightly bending forward like a hunch back.
Based on the research conducted on the brain, hands, legs and other organs individually, Dr. Karen Baab has classified the dwarfs of Flores Island as the tenth type of humans of whom we have not known till now.
Moreover, as the brain of the dwarf woman was very small, some human research scholars state that, the dwarfs of Flores Island could have evolved as a link between monkeys and Homo erectus species as “monkey men”.
As an answer to the question as to how these dwarf like, three-footed people would have reached the island, Dr. Michael Morwood had stated that, after Homo erectus species reached the island by sea, in due course they might have evolved into dwarf species.
By her computer graphing and findings, Dr. Karen Baab has proved that, the Flores Island dwarfs have not evolved as a shorter form of the tall species of Homo erectus.
How thousands of years ago, these dwarf-like, three-footed people, who were only of the height of three year old children could have reached Flores Island which was separated by dangerous, swift currents from the other Indonesian islands? That too, through a difficult sea journey, using catamarans where the depth of the sea was four thousand feet?
The fossils of this dwarf-like, three-footed people of Flores Island show us clearly that, twelve thousand years ago, the level of the sea had been four thousand feet lower than it is at present.
Did Stone Age people undertake Sea Voyage?
Sandwiched between the continents of Asia and Australia , islands of Sumatra , Java, Bali , Lombok , Sumbawa , Flores , Timor etc. are situated in a long strip. The caves of the island of Flores were inhabited by 3-foot dwarfish Stone Age humans, perhaps as early as 1..8 million years ago, whose bones and the stone tools used by them have been unearthed by the archeologists of Australia during an excavation.*(2)
The bones of the Stone Age humans who lived forty thousand years ago in this region, have already been unearthed by the researchers from Timor Island situated near the island continent of Australia .
It is not an easy task to reach the islands of Flores and Timor .
Specifically, the islands of Sumbawa , Flores and Timor are found in the ocean region which has a depth of four thousand feet. Lombok Island in particular, is thirty kilometers away from the island of Bali . A dangerous strait called “Sape” is running between these two islands. Hence, ships with sails and motor boats alone can cross this sea strait. This has given rise to controversies and arguments among the scientists as to how the Stone Age man could have crossed this dangerous region between the Flores and Timor islands.
The bones and tools of Stone Age people have been unearthed in India and Sri Lanka which are separated by a six hundred feet deep sea. Researchers are of the opinion that, ten thousand years ago, when the sea level was six hundred feet lower than the present level, Stone Age people should have migrated from India to Sri Lanka .
Researchers believe that later the ice which was above the land should have melted and raised the level of the sea level for about six hundred feet. But it is a surprise that how the Stone Age people went to Flores Timor islands and the continent of Australia , which have been separated by a four thousand feet deep sea.
Researcher Tim White says that, Stone Age dwarf people might have been brought from Bali Island to Flores Island by Tsunami waves.
But researcher Robert Bednarik says that the currents that are running between the Indonesian islands can only be crossed over by boats made of wood like catamarans using oars. He not only said this, but also tests his idea by traveling from Bali Island to Lombok Island a few times. This voyage in catamarans was made into documentaries by BBC News Channel and National Geographic Channel. *(3)
The catamaran should be made by stone tools was the condition. But, when bamboos were cut by these tools, they developed cracks. If a catamaran was made with such bamboos, instead of floating it would sink in the sea. Hence, this important condition was overlooked and the catamaran was made by using iron tools. In the same way, using stones, it was impossible to make even a single oar.
Once the catamaran was ready, early morning at 6.30 am it started from Bali Island surrounded by security ships with twelve crew members. Initially only three people were rowing. Within three hours, when they became tired, the next three took over and continued rowing. When they too became tired in the midday sun, the next three started the work. At the same time, the catamaran reached the deepest part of the sea. The catamaran which was proceeding forward till now was pulled sideward by the water current.
When vigorous rowing was continued against current, one of the sailors fainted. A person who came from the assisting ship continued rowing. But, by this time, the current had changed the direction and had taken the catamaran far away and the island which was visible before was last from view. So, the catamaran was brought back to the previous spot and rowing was continued.
But, the catamaran moved inch by inch. In this situation, unexpectedly the direction of wind changed and using this opportunity, as the catamaran proceeded, it reached Gili Island which was situated before Lombok Island in the evening at 6.30 pm . The people who rowed the catamaran were panting for breath when they said, “Even if we had taken one or two minutes of rest, we would not have been able to reach the shore.” Hence, even after rowing continuously for twelve hours, the idea of reaching Lombok Island did not succeed.
How could have Stone Age people crossed the sea which was not possible even by the present day men?
Referring to this, researcher Loin Davidson says that from the past two and a half lakh years to seventy thousand years, there has not been a large change in the stone tools that have been used by the Stone Age men. They seem to be similar. Hence, the intelligence level in these men might not have undergone much of a change. This proves that the Stone Age men would not have planned long sea voyages using their limited intelligence, says Davidson. *(4,5)
Moreover, the continent of Australia is thousand kilometers away from Timor Island and is not visible from Timor Island . Hence, would the Stone Age men venture a sea voyage towards a destination that was not visible? In addition to this, it took six days for the Robert Bednarik group to cross the deep sea between Timor Island and the continent of Australia . Would the Stone Age men have ventured a similar day and night sea voyage? What would they have done for food and water for six days?
“Barbarians did not undertake any sea voyages. It was the sea that was four thousand feet lower at that time?’
Hence, the finding of bones and stone tools of Stone Age men who lived forty thousand years ago in the continent of Australia, which was separated from the continent of Asia by a four thousand feet deep sea, proves that forty thousand years ago, the sea level was about four thousand feet lower in the Indonesian region.
Hence, forty thousand year ago, a land connected the continent of Asia and the continent of Australia . Through this strip of land, the Stone Age people of the continent of Asia went by foot to the continent of Australia . Later, when the sea level rose, the land also split in different places and rose up along with the rising sea which resulted in the formation of many islands. On account of this, the Stone Age men were unable to leave the islands and were isolated there.
Why did the land rise? Why did the sea level rise?
The molted rock material found inside the earth gradually cooled down and hardened to form rocky plates in different layers. On account of this phenomenon, water, gases and oil were separated from the molten rock which reduced the thickness of the rocky plates. As the thinner rocky plates formed from the thick molten rock moved upwards, the land surface also rose. At the same time, while the molten rock cooled, the water which was separated from it, formed hot water springs under the sea, which raised the sea level up to four thousand feet.
When the land surface rises suddenly from the sea floor, natural disasters like earthquakes, landslides and Tsunami are caused.
It is incorrect to say that the continents are moving
When the sea level was by many thousands of feet, the continents were inter connected by land. Through this passage, animals migrated from one continent to another. Later, when the sea level rose, the continents were separated by the sea.
The reason for the discovery of the same species of animals found in different continents separated by the sea proves that the sea level was lower many thousands of years ago. But, some researchers says that once upon a time the land surfaces found now formed a single continent and later it split into many pieces of land and that is the reason for the presence of the same type of species of animals on different continents and islands.
The discovery of the bones of the terrestrial animal Mesosaurus in South America and Africa which are separated by the Atlantic Ocean is explained by the theory that, once upon a time these two continents were a single land and later got separated is incorrect.
But in reality, the land is rising due to which earthquakes are caused.
3. The discovery of the earth by sea voyage
The European sailors, who traveled on the Pacific Ocean by sail boat (though it is referred commonly as sail boat, the Europeans used very strong cloth on their mast) during the seventeenth century, were puzzled by the spotting of half naked people on the islands which appeared now and then.
The sailors thought that these people would have got stranded on the islands due to tsunami or storms. But later, the European sailors were surprised when they came to know that the people found on the islands “discovered” by them were primitive tribal people and they were even unaware of the uses of iron.
How did these half naked people, wearing clothes made up of tree bark, find the island and settle on them?
Until compass, a device for knowing directions was invented, Europeans traveled by ship only up to a distance where a land was visible. One thousand years ago the instrument to show directions was invented by China . Later it was marketed in Europe .
Until then, sea trade was carried on by Europeans only through the Mediterranean Sea and as the name suggests, there were nations surrounding Mediterranean Sea which made the instrument of direction unnecessary.
Even then, from the Mediterranean Sea , ships did not go to the Atlantic Ocean region. The reason was that, at that time many people believed that the earth was flat.
So, sailors were afraid that if they traveled too far, they would suddenly fall out of the earth. During those days, Europeans knew that the continent of Asia existed on the eastern side of Europe and the continent of Africa existed on the south. But, what existed on the western side of Europe beyond the Atlantic Ocean was a mystery.
In this situation, once the sailors saw only the mast of a ship that was approaching the harbor. Later, they saw the tip portion and then the center part and finally the whole ship. Based on this, they understood that our earth is a spherical structure.
Since then, the sailors also saw that even during midday , the sun was slightly away on the southern side instead of being just above the mast of the ship. Based on this, they realized that they were on the northern side of the spherical earth.
Moreover, during that period, Greek philosophers believed that there should be a very large continent on the southern part of the earth to balance the continents found on the northern side. Apart from the ambition of discovering that large southern continent and establish their rights, the European countries also had the utmost necessity to reach India through sea.
Spices like pepper, cloves and cardamom were urgently needed by the Europeans for medicinal purposes, for preparing alcoholic drinks and most importantly for adding flavor to non-vegetarian dishes.
Silk was exported to Europe from China . It was brought from China , a distance of eight thousand kilometers through central Asia and the Arabian deserts. This path is known as the path of silk. So, the spice trade was also under the control of the Muslims.
When the city of Constantinople was captured by the Turks, this path of trade was closed. All spices had to be taken from parts of India and Indonesia to Europe only through the Islamic countries.
European countries wanted to have the spice trade under their control for which, they encouraged their sailors to find a sea route to India , by giving them goods, money and position.
A Portuguese sailor named Bartholomew Dias began his sea voyage on the seventh day of July, 1497 in the southern direction of the Atlantic Ocean . His aim was to reach India by traveling through the Indian Ocean , along the coast of the continent of Africa . He traveled 7,240 kilometers along the coast of southern Africa for four months and reached the southern tip of Africa .
Though Dias wanted to reach India by traveling through the Indian Ocean and create a record, the other sailors who traveled with him refused to travel in the unknown territory of the Indian Ocean . So, Dias had to turn back to Portugal without reaching India .
After knowing that there was a way to India through the sea, in 1497 AD, a sailor named Vasco Da Gama of Portuguese origin, reached India by traveling along Africa . The neighboring country, Spain woke up when it knew that the Portuguese had found a route to India .
Meanwhile, exactly eight years after Bartholomew Dias reached the southern tip of Africa and returned to Europe , Christopher Columbus of Spain took up a daring effort.
Columbus thought slightly different. Instead of circumnavigating Africa and reaching India , he thought he could reach the continent of Asia very quickly by traveling in the western direction of the Atlantic Ocean .
Columbus thought that by traveling 4,800 kilometers in the western direction of the Atlantic Ocean , he could reach the continent of Asia . But, though he traveled for many weeks, land was not visible. Columbus traveled 45 miles a day, but he thought the sailors would be frightened and told them a lesser distance.
But, after he traveled for two months and crossed the Atlantic Ocean , he discovered the Caribbean Islands , Cuba and Haiti on the eastern side of America . When Columbus saw the dark complexioned primitive tribal people, he mistook them for Indians and felt happy that he had found a sea route to India .
But, as his return was very fast, nobody in Spain believed what he told them. In those days, Columbus was one among the very few sailors, who believed that the earth was spherical. Columbus had concluded that the earth was very small. He did not know clearly the location of Japan and China on the earth. Moreover he was unable to judge the location where he was on the sea.
To state in other words, Columbus was unable to know, near which longitude Japan and China were located or near which longitude his ship was traveling. So, he stated that he traveled near America and discovered India .
In reality, he was searching for India near the continent of America . During the period of Columbus , it was difficult for the sailors to determine the longitude.
The Sun and the Latitude
But, it was easy for the sailors to determine the latitude. When they crossed the equator region, they found the sun straight above the mast of the ship. Based on this, the sailors easily recognized the region of the equator.
Similarly they could recognize the Tropic of Cancer on the northern part of the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn on the southern part of the equatorial region. Then, as they traveled towards south, each day they found the sun moving towards the northern region.
With the help of the magnetic compass, and determining the position of the sun in north and south direction, the sailors were able to judge whether the ship was in the latitudinal region. Similarly, by seeing the angle in which the sun was found in the north-south direction, they easily determined the location of the ship from the equator.
Categorically stating, during the month of June, the sun is found in the northern region at the Tropic of Cancer. Similarly during the month of December, the sun is found in the southern region at the Tropic of Capricorn. In the same way, they also came to know that the sun crossed the equator twice a year. Based on this theory, the sailors were able to know in which part of the latitude the ship was traveling.
Identifying latitude with the help of stars
As the sailors discovered the latitude with the help of the angle in which the sun was found, they also discovered the latitude with the help of some stars.
To be more specific, when the ship sails near the equator, the Pole Star, which is also called as the North Star, is seen in the north direction, a little above the horizon. But when the ship turns towards the north and travels north, each day the Pole Star rises upwards from the horizon and comes straight above to the center of the sky. When the Pole Star is in the center above, the sailors understood that the ship is in the North Pole region.
Similarly, when the ship turns and travels south, each day the Pole Star moves downwards from the center of the sky and moves towards the horizon.
When the Ship crosses the equator and moves into the southern region, the Pole Star will disappear from sight. At the same time, near the horizon on the southern direction cross shaped stars called as Southern Cross is seen.
When the ship crosses the equator and moves in to the southern region, the Pole Star will disappear from sight. At the same time, on the southern direction the cross shaped stars which were seen near the horizon will move upwards and will move towards the center of the sky.
When the cross shaped stars were seen in the center of the sky, the sailors knew that they were in the South Pole region.
Knowing the longitude
But, as the earth is rotating from west to east, the position of the North Star and the South Star do not change for the earth. On a particular day, considering the position of the sun in the morning, noon or evening it is not difficult to find out the latitude that is the north and the south of the ship. So, even before Christ the sailors were able to find out in which latitude region the ship was.
But, the sailors did not know how to find on the earth, where the ship was in the east western direction. They were unable to even locate an island and draw a map. They had to find their destination by trial and error method and by moving here and there.
But, to reach the islands that are at the horizon, a map is not necessary. To reach the islands that are slightly away from the horizon, the speed of the ship and the direction are calculated mentally and are reached easily. Using this method it is easy to reach islands which are 300 kilometers away. But, reaching islands that are 1000 kilometers away using mental calculation is impossible without getting lost in the sea. So, a magnetic compass is indispensable.
This was the main reason why the sailors were unable to revisit the islands to which they had already gone. It was not very difficult for the European sailors to travel across the Atlantic Ocean and reach the continents of America . It was because the continents of America stretched continuously from the Northern Pole of the earth to the Southern Pole. Hence, from Europe if they crossed the Atlantic Ocean , they could reach the continents of America .
But, if they had to reach the islands scattered here and there in the Pacific Ocean , the location of the islands had to be found out only with the help of a map by looking at the latitude and the longitude in which they were situated. In other words, sea voyage is a science which has to be basically planned mathematically, using the time, speed and distance.
Method of mental calculation
Sometimes, the location of an island can be judged from a near by island as to how far away and in which direction it is. Based on this, the speed and the time at which it can be reached can be mentally calculated. If we are 100 kilometers away from an island, the land will become visible to our eyes. But, by mental calculation it is possible to go up and down to nearby islands only.
If we try to reach a very far away island by mental calculation, some times it might turn out to be an impossible task and end as a voyage towards death.
The British law of longitude 1714
For example, on 23-10-1707 near the Isles of Scilly, under the leadership of Sir Cloudesley Shovell who was the member of the British parliament and vice admiral in the navy, a flight of four ships went on a voyage.
As the longitude on which the ship was wrongly calculated, the first ship went in the wrong direction and collided with the coral reefs below the surface of the sea.
During the night due to the fog, the three ships which followed also collided with the coral reefs in the same manner and were broken to pieces. Among the 800 naval soldiers who traveled in those ships, not even one person survived. Entire Europe was drowned in sorrow. The next day, 1,400 soldiers vanished from the navy.
None of the British ships went to sea. The British parliament was immediately convened and a law was formulated. It was known as The British Act of longitude, 1714 and a separate board was formed to find out a method to discover a way to find the longitude.
Scientist, Sir Isaac Newton, who discovered gravity, was appointed as the chairman of the board. As the first step, an announcement was made.
The British government announced that anyone who could find a method of determining longitude accurately at sea at 111 kilometer distance would be rewarded with 10,000 pounds as a prize, at 75 kilometer distance would be rewarded with 15,000 pounds, and at 56 kilometer distance, the reward would be 20,000 pounds.
During that time, Galileo was conducting a research to find out whether he could find out the longitude by the position of the planets. Finally, John Harrison, a clock manufacturer, gave a solution to the problem of longitude which many scientists found impossible to solve.
During those days, only clocks with a pendulum were in use. As the ships swayed in the sea, the pendulums swayed in a disorderly manner and did not show the correct time in the sea.
John Harrison, who was the son of a carpenter, by his hard work of thirty years, used the latest inventions like the spring wheel and the balance wheel and invented an alarm time piece like the one we use now.
According to that, when a ship begins its journey from London , a clock would be set with the London time. Later when the ship is in the sea, by looking at the angle in which the sun, moon and some stars are, the time of that place could be found out.
For example, if it is noon in the region in which the ship is at that moment and the clock which is showing the London time shows night 12 o’clock, the sailor could easily know that the ship is sailing on the opposite side of the earth and London, that is, on the longitude in which New Zealand is situated in the Pacific Ocean.
Based on this, if the latitude on which the ship is traveling is known, the place in which the ship is located in the sea can be easily known. So, after the discovery of the clock, accurate maps were drawn and navigation became safer.
Even during the voyage of Columbus , the Europeans did not know that the two large continents, South America and North America existed, extending continuously from the North Pole to the South Pole up to the continent of Antarctica .
Only when sea voyages were initiated to find a sea route to India , the world came to know that there were continents in between Asia and Europe which were called North America and South America .
In the same way, the existence of the continent of Australia , New Zealand and other Pacific islands in the Pacific Ocean region was unknown.
After Columbus , later some sailors while traveling in the Atlantic Ocean were driven away by storms and they were washed ashore on the sea shore of Brazil . Some of them were driven by the strong wind and were washed ashore on the continent of North America .
Though they reached Europe and told their story, they were unaware of finding a huge continent. During their subsequent journeys, the European sailors learnt that there were two huge continents stretching from the North Pole to the South Pole between Europe and the continent of Asia .
The Spanish, as a result of Columbus ’s voyage, were able to conquer the ancient tribal Aztecs in Mexico in the central part of America and make them their slaves.
Within two years, they brought the whole South America into their control. It was at that time they came to know that, on the eastern side of Mexico also there was a huge sea.
Four years after the death of Columbus , in the year 1510, a Spanish sailor named Vasco Nunez de Balboa stood on a mountain top in Mexico and saw the Pacific Ocean . He was the first European sailor to spot the Pacific Ocean . It was only after that the sailors understood that after crossing the Pacific Ocean only the continent of Asia could be reached.
Magellan’s voyage
In September, 1519, under the captainship of sailor Ferdinand Magellan, the first voyage began from Spain towards the Pacific Ocean with a fleet of 237 people in five sail ships.
Reaching India by sea, navigating around Africa had to be done only by traveling towards the southern region of the Atlantic Ocean . As the islands in that region were occupied by Portuguese, Magellan chose the western side of the Atlantic Ocean for his journey to avoid the enemies and traveled in that direction.
After crossing the southern part of the continent of South America , when they entered the Pacific Ocean , a storm struck. Fearing to travel in the unknown Pacific Ocean , the last two ships turned back on the way they had traveled and returned without informing Magellan.
But, Magellan who entered the Pacific Ocean through the southern side continued his journey on the north western direction. The journey extended more than what Magellan had expected. As not even a single island was sighted in 99 days, 29 people died of lack of drinking water.
The southern part of the Pacific Ocean is a region devoid of islands. But, the world famous Easter Island is situated only there. On the border of the sea shore, three hundred human faces carved out of rocks of the height of three men have been arranged in a symmetrical order, one next to the other.
How people found a 64 square kilometer volcanic island and inhabited it in the 6.4 million kilometer vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean still remains a mystery yet to be solved.
After three months of sea voyage, finally Magellan reached Philippine islands on 13th February, 1521 . But, he died in a war with the natives of the island.
The rest of the crew loaded the spices in their ships and traveled on the Indian Ocean , reached Spain by circumnavigating Africa and traveling on the Atlantic Ocean .
They were frightened to travel again through the Pacific Ocean . They preferred the enemies than traveling through the unknown Pacific Ocean and so took their route through the Indian Ocean and reached the Atlantic Ocean . On the way, due to scarcity of food and drinking water, each day many sailors died. Even though, they had to cross the Portuguese islands, they got down on those islands in disguise and procured food and water. When the Portuguese found out what was happening, the sailors boarded their ships in a hurry and returned to Europe .
Magellan’s voyage proved to us that the earth is spherical in shape. Moreover we Also came to know that the earth has a lot of water surrounding its land. The sailors also under stood that with out sea navigation; there is no possibility of going around the earth.
In search of Solomon Islands
On most part of the newly found continent of South America , the Spanish formed colonies and settled there.
A sailor named Álvaro de Mendaña, who was a relative of the governor of Peru , started his sea voyage in two sail ships, with150 people to the Indonesian island and Philippine islands which were known as the Spice Islands and are situated on the western part of the Pacific Ocean .
On 20th of November, in the year 1567 the ships started their journey towards the western part of the Pacific Ocean . Within two months period, their ships traveled between Marquesas Island group and Tuamotus Island group.
Tuamotus Island group is a group which consists of 76 islands in all. All these 76 islands are found scattered on a 20,000 sq. kilo meter area. Marquesas Island group is found 4,800 kilo meters away, in west from Mexico in the Central American region.
During the first 62 days of their journey, no island was sighted. Then an island came into view. But, before the sail was adjusted to reach the island, wind and water currents pulled the ship in different directions. So, food and water could not be collected.
Finally, on 7th February, in the year 1568, on the western border of the Pacific Ocean , Mendaña discovered a tiny island belonging to the Solomon group of islands and went ashore. He christened the island as Santa Isabel .
Though they did not acquire the expected quantity of spices, after procuring sufficient food and water, Mendaña started his return journey. He traveled towards north and after crossing the equator, changed the direction towards east and proceeded towards America . On his way, he discovered Marshall Islands . Finally he reached California in North America in the month of January, 1569.
After an interval of 25 years, Mendaña started his journey towards the Solomon group of islands. He started from South America on April 9th, in the year 1595 with 378 people in four sail ships. On the way they met with a cyclone and two of the ships were lost. Till date it has not come to light as to what happened to the ships or the people who traveled in them.
But, in Mendaña’s map only the continent of South America and the Solomon Islands were marked. The other 25 thousand islands in the Pacific Ocean or the continent of Australia or the island of New Zealand were not mentioned on that map. This was because all these land areas were not discovered during that time.
On Mendaña’s map, it was not shown on which latitude the Solomon Islands were located. So, Mendaña was unable to discover the Solomon Islands . Solomon Islands were located at a short distance on the southern side of the equator.
To be precise, Solomon Islands are located from 5 degrees to 12 degrees on the southern latitude and 150 degrees to 170 degrees on the eastern longitude. Longitude of 180 degrees east has been mentioned as, International Date Line. It is interesting to note that, the Solomon Islands are situated near the International Date Line and directly opposite to London on the other side of the earth.
Mendaña’s second voyage extended more than what he had expected. Finally, on September 8th, in the year 1595, he discovered the island Nendo in the sea area where Solomon Islands were situated and went ashore with his group. While on the island, Mendaña fell ill and died.
A sailor by name Quiros took charge and without any map, after reaching the Philippine Islands, took the eastern direction in the Pacific Ocean and in the year 1597 during the month of June, reached South America again.
As Mendaña was not aware on which part of latitude the Solomon Islands were situated, till the end he was not able to find those islands. Even though, Solomon Island group was found scattered in six lakhs sq. kilometers, slightly away from the equator, in the southern region, it could not be located. Even 200 years after Mendaña, they were not traced. Finally, an English sailor named Philip Carteret accidentally discovered Solomon Islands .
4. Scientific voyages of James Cook
Till 1760, not much was known about the Pacific Ocean . Sailors of different countries like Portugal , Spain , Holland and France who traveled in the Pacific Ocean in sail ships discovered many new islands. But, they were unable to establish their power and state those islands belonged to their country.
The reason was that they themselves were unable to again reach the islands discovered by them.
It was because they were unable to clearly state on which latitude and longitude the islands which they discovered were located. Maps could not be drawn without any details. So, the European sailors lost the islands which were earlier discovered by them and had to search for them and even after searching they were unable to locate them.
At this point of time, the European sailors found half naked people living on the islands which they accidentally discovered. They were surprised as to how these half naked people had discovered these islands even without a compass to show them the direction and had settled there.
They thought that these people would have reached the islands when cyclones or tsunami washed them ashore.
When things were thus, on 13-4-1769 , Captain James Cook started a sea voyage with two sail ships to reach the island, Tahiti located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean .
Tahiti Island was considered to be the best place to watch the phenomenal happening of Venus completely obscuring the Sun on 03-06-1769 . An astronomer named, Charles Green also traveled in Cook’s ship to record the time at which planet Venus directly passing between the Sun and the earth. He also helped Cook to determine the longitude in which the ship was traveling, based on the angle and location of the moon and the stars.
Two months prior to the planet Venus blocking the Sun, Cook’s ships reached the island, Tahiti . The time of the phenomenal happening in the sky was recorded in 76 places on earth on that particular day. Based on this, the distance between the earth and the sun was calculated as per the principle of parallax.
In the two months time, Cook became very close to the natives of Tahiti Island . During that time, Tahiti Island ’s religious leader, Tupaia became his friend. Cook asked him with surprise, how his ancestors discovered the island and settled there. Tupaia replied that many hundreds of years ago his ancestors reached the island from another far away island by a huge boat.
Moreover, Tupaia was aware of many other islands which were near the Island Tahiti. The time during which Planet Venus obscured the sun was recorded. Meanwhile, Cook learnt many words spoken on the Island of Tahiti .
The important mission of the voyage was to find out whether there was a southern continent in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean . Hence, Cook monitored his ship from the Island of Tahiti on 09-08-1769 in the southern direction.
Tupaia, native of Tahiti Island also traveled with Cook. He was ordered to travel up to 40 degrees south till the Tropic of Capricorn and search for the huge southern continent. So, Cook traveled in south for a month and reached the Tropic of Capricorn region.
Actually Cook never believed that there would be a continent. Cook was informed that once he reached 40 degrees latitude, if he traveled in the western direction, he would reach an island. So, Cook traveled on 40 degrees latitude towards west and reached the island of New Zealand .
Though New Zealand was already discovered by a sailor named Abel Tasman, he had not prepared a map of the island. So, the real area and the importance of New Zealand were not known. Similarly, Abel Tasman had discovered the island of Tasmania on the southern side of Australia . But, he did not know how large Australia was.
At this juncture, Joseph, a research scholar of botany who traveled with Cook discovered a very interesting phenomenon.
That is, based on the information provided by the different sailors who traveled on the Pacific Ocean, a hand book was developed with those words that were used by the natives for certain items in order to procure food and water from the natives of the different islands.
Joseph brought to Cook’s notice that the words used by natives of different islands were similar.
After two months of voyage from Tahiti , Cook reached New Zealand on 06-10-1769 . But, it would normally take only one month to travel directly by sail ship.
On the island of New Zealand , naked blacks whose bodies were tattooed, hid in the bushes and watched the arrival of Cook’s ship.
As soon as Cook’s servants neared the island on a boat, wooden arrows were shot at them from the bushes. In return Cook’s men shot with their guns and many of the natives fell on the ground.
Though Tupaia, the religious chief of Tahiti who traveled with Cook, had set his foot on the island only then, was able to talk with them and was able to negotiate and compromise.
After listening to Tupaia’s Tahiti Island language for the first time, the natives of New Zealand Island understood Tupaia’s intention and gave food and water to Cook’s people and helped them.
Cook was surprised to see Tupaia and the natives of New Zealand Island talking to each other in their own languages. Interestingly, when Europeans discovered the island of Tahiti in the central part of the Pacific Ocean before Cook, the natives of Tahiti were not aware of the existence of other islands in the Pacific Ocean like New Zealand , Hawaii and Easter islands or of the people living on them.
Similarly, many of the European sailors noticed that the boats used by the islanders to catch fish near the shores were unsuitable for long sea voyages.
Cook, who started from the New Zealand Island reached the continent of Australia , revolved around it and prepared the map of the continent of Australia .
Cook declared that the island of New Zealand and Australia belonged to the British Government. Later, on their return journey to Europe , while they stayed on the island of Java for a few days, all the sailors including Tupaia, died of stomach disorders.
As if he returned from a space journey, Cook had a fabulous welcome in Europe . Researchers explained to people about many more animals including kangaroo and different plants with the help of diagrams.
But, it was opined that Cook did not bother to search for the large, southern continent. So, to search for the large, southern continent, Cook started his second journey on the Pacific Ocean .
During his second journey, instead of traveling around the continent of South America and reaching the Pacific Ocean , he traveled around the continent of Australia and the Indian Ocean and reached the island of New Zealand first.
The natives of the island of New Zealand eagerly enquired about Tupaia. Cook told them about his death in Java.
As soon as they heard it, the natives of the island of New Zealand wept.
After that, Cook went to the island of Tahiti . There too, after hearing the death of Tupaia, the natives of the island were very sad. The European sailors who traveled on the Pacific Ocean before Cook had described the Pacific Island natives as savages. Even in Europe the same opinion prevailed. Only after Cook’s voyage, it was understood that the Pacific Island natives were very calm and quiet people.
Along with a few of the natives of the island Tahiti , Cook continued his voyage towards the South. Cook, who traveled on the southern side of the Pacific Ocean , began his search of the southern continent very near the continent of Antarctica .
Very quickly he understood and made sure that, “southern continent” was just an imagination and directed his ship on the northern side and reached Easter Island which was situated near the continent of South America . Easter Island was an isolated island on the otherwise barren sea region of South Pacific Ocean . When Cook’s sail ships reached Easter Island to procure drinking water and food, the natives of the island came towards Cook’s ship on catamarans.
At that time, when the natives of the island Tahiti and the natives of the Easter Island spoke to each other in their own languages which surprised Cook.
The language which the natives of the Easter Island spoke was similar to that of the New Zealanders. But, it should be borne in mind that, the island of New Zealand was seven thousand kilo meters away from Easter Island .
When Cook completed his journey and returned to Europe , the British Government relieved him from his assignments. He was given a special place in Greenwich Hospital and was honored. But curiosity had the better of him and Cook volunteered for a third voyage in the Pacific Ocean .
This time, the aim of the voyage was to find out whether there was a sea route from the northern part of the Pacific Ocean along the North Pole region around North America to the Atlantic Ocean region.
During his third sea voyage, Cook went around Africa from the Atlantic Ocean and traveled on the Indian Ocean , reached New Zealand and collected food and water from there and reached the island of Tahiti . Later, from the island of Tahiti which was in the central part of the Pacific Ocean , he started towards the northern direction.
Cook traveled in the northern direction from the island of Tahiti and after a month of sea travel, accidentally discovered the Hawaii Islands . From Hawaii Islands , the natives rowed towards Cook’s ship on catamarans. When the natives of Hawaii Islands spoke, it surprised and shocked Cook because their language sounded very similar to that of Tahitian language.
The Hawaiians welcomed Cook to their island and were the best hosts. The natives of Hawaii had grown crops like banana and sugarcane. Colocasia was their staple food. They reared pigs and hens. All these could not have been brought to the island through an unplanned journey.
But, without a magnetic compass to show the direction, how was it possible for these naked people to discover an island and then return to their own island from where they had started with out getting lost and collect others and hens and pigs and once again rediscover and reach the Hawaii Islands?
Is it possible to remember all the details that happened in a whole month such as in which direction the ship traveled, at what speed it traveled, at which point it changed direction etc.? Cook was extremely surprised.
To mention specifically, Hawaii Islands are situated in the northern direction, two thousand kilometers away from the equator. But, the island of Tahiti is situated in the southern direction, two thousand kilometers away from the equator.
Moreover, between Hawaii and Tahiti , near the equator two sea currents are found. It is important to mention that a current runs from the eastern direction to the Western direction on the southern side of the equator. Similarly, a current runs from the western direction to the eastern direction on the northern side of the equator.
It will take many days for the ships to cross these currents and proceed forward. While traveling in those regions, the ships would be pulled sideways up to 14 to 20 miles. So, only if the magnetic compass and a proper map to show the location of the islands are available, it is possible to travel from the island of Tahiti to Hawaii Islands without getting lost in the sea.
But, including the Hawaii Island natives, all the natives living on the different islands scattered on the Pacific Ocean did not have any map, clock or instrument to show the directions. Moreover, it should be noted that the language spoken by all the natives living on the Pacific islands does not have even a single word which denotes distance.
In the central part of the Pacific Ocean , below one thousand feet depth, many mountains lie submerged under water. So, many years ago when the sea was of a lower height than it is now, the mountains were above sea level as islands and as they were near each other, it was easier for the ancestors of these natives to travel on catamarans and reach the islands which were visible near the horizon and settle down there.
Later as the sea level rose and most of these islands were submerged under the sea.
It should be noted that when the Europeans were traveling in the Pacific Ocean , the natives of the islands were not traveling in the sea from island to another.
So, the existence of the semi naked people, wearing dress made of plants, who do not know the usage of iron or know how to make earthen pots in Hawaii, New Zealand and Easter Islands which were situated in the central part of the Pacific Ocean, clearly shows that many islands have submerged in the Pacific Ocean and our earth is still sinking.
5. Earth quakes are caused due to the rising of the land
The fossilized bones of the animal known as Mesosaurus, which lived 250 million years ago have been discovered in the continents of South America and Africa which have been separated by the Atlantic Ocean . So, according to some, a false idea exists that these two continents were joined together as one continent in the beginning and later got separated from each other and have started to move in the opposite directions.
According to this theory, it is wrongly considered that if continents move, only earthquakes are caused. But, continents had neither been together at any time nor later separated and kept moving.
Actually, the reason for the fossils of Mesosaurus and many other dinosaurs to be discovered on most of the continents is, the level of the sea twenty million years ago was two kilometers lower. Apart from this, there if no proof to state that all the continents were joined together as a single continent before.
For example, the continent of Australia is found 5,000 kilometers away from India . But, researchers’ belief that, 130 million years ago, India and the continent of Australia were joined together and were united with the continent of Antarctica has no evidence whatsoever.
Researchers are under the wrong notion that, later on India and the continent of Australia got separated from the continent of Antarctica and started moving and have come to the present position and are still moving.
Researchers state that as the tectonic plates below the continents move, the continents also move along with them. Similarly, researchers wrongly believe that while the tectonic plates move, their edges rub against each other, which results in earthquakes.
According to researchers, in reality if India and the continent of Australia were joined together 130 million years ago, and were separated from each other and have come to the present position and if it is true that India and the continent of Australia are still moving………
This may be possible only if both India and the continent of Australia were situated on different tectonic plates.
According to researchers if it is true that India and the continent of Australia are situated on two different tectonic plates and are continuing to move even now, the sea floor between India and the continent of Australia should experience some continuous earthquakes. But in reality, India and the continent of Australia are not situated on two different rocky plates or tectonic plates.
Researchers have prepared a map showing all 3, 58,214 earthquakes and the places which experienced earthquakes from the year 1963, till the year, 1998. (Picture 1)
On the map showing earthquakes, there had been no continuous earthquakes between India and the continent of Australia . So, according to the belief of the researchers, it is not true that India and the continent of Australia are situated on two different tectonic plates and this has been proved by the fact that, there had been no continuous earthquakes between India and the continent of Australia .
So, there is no proof to state that, India and the continent of Australia had been joined together 130 million years ago and they were separated and are moving continuously.
Under these circumstances, in a report published by NASA on 25-01-2005 , researcher Dr. Richard Cross has stated that only because the tectonic (rocky) plate on which India is situated slid below Burma ’s tectonic plate, it resulted in the earthquake and South Asian tsunami.
In a report published by the same NASA on 27-04-2005 , it is stated that the tectonic (rocky) plate on which Australia is situated slid below Sunda’s tectonic plate and it resulted in the earthquake and tsunami.
When it is not clearly known whether India and Australia are together on a single rocky plate or on different rocky plates, the researchers of NASA are contradicting themselves by stating first that only due to the movement of the rocky Indian plate the earthquake was caused and later report that only due to the movement of the Australian plate the earthquake occurred.
At this juncture, Khilari and Jabalpur situated in central India experienced a few tremors.
The reason for earthquakes to occur in the central areas of continents, leaving the
Peripheral area is that the tectonic (rocky) plates in those areas alone had risen upwards.
For example, on 30th September, in the year 1993, when an earthquake occurred in the village Khilari situated in the central part of India the land had risen to three feet high for an area of two kilometers. The earthquake which occurred only in the village Khilari proves that earthquakes occur only due to the rising up of the rocky plates.
Similarly, the map showing earthquakes shows that the earthquakes have occurred in the surrounding areas of the continent of Africa . (Picture 1)
But, there had been no continuous earthquakes in between the continent of Africa and the island of Madagascar . (Picture 1) As per researchers, from the continent of Africa , Madagascar got separated and is moving. But, what they say is in correct.
Researchers believe that, 230 million years ago all the continents found on the earth had been fused together and formed a huge continent called Pangaea and 18 years later that huge continent split into two as northern and southern continents. On the northern side it formed the large Lauresia or the northern continent and on the southern side it formed Gondwana or the southern continent.
Researchers say that 150 million years later, the large Lauresia or the northern continent split in to two continents, Asia and North America out of which, North America is moving towards western direction. Similarly, researchers believe that, Gondwana or the southern continent split and gave rise to many continents such as, India , South America , Africa , Antarctica and Australia among which the continent of South America is moving towards west.
Researchers specifically state that each continent is situated on separate tectonic plates and as continents move, their edges rub against each other which results in earthquakes.
Hence, according to the researchers’ statement, the continent of North America and the continent of South America should be situated on two different rocky plates.
But, the map showing earthquakes shows that, in between the continent of North America and the continent of South America , earthquakes have not occurred in a Continuous manner. So, according to the researchers’ statement, the continent of North America and the continent of South America are not situated on two different rocky plates based on the fact that earthquakes have not occurred in a continuous manner in the areas between them. (Picture 1)
It is incorrect to say that earthquakes are caused due to the moving of the continents. There is also no proof that many years ago all the continents found on the earth had been fused together and later started to move away separately.
The Islands of Indonesia are continuously rising
Soon after Tsunami, which killed more than two and a half lakhs of people and had originated from the island, Sumatra, it was found out that, after the earthquake the north western part of the island simeulue, which was in that region had risen about three feet high above sea level. On account of this, a new shore had formed on the north western part of the island. In addition to that; the sea sponges which were on the sea bed were visible above the sea level!
Three months after the earthquake on 26th December, 2004, another quake occurred on 28th March 2005 after which simeulue was found to be four feet above sea level. Apart from this, for an area of about three hundred kilometers, sea sponges which are normally found below the sea could be seen from all visible areas!
Why did the island rise four feet above sea level ?
As the molten rock keeps cooling gradually, the rocky plates that are formed at different levels are of less thickness and density and they keep rising continuously.
The main reason is that, when the molten rock cools, the water and hot gases get released and the rocky plates that are formed are of lesser thickness than the magma in which they formed. Water has a higher density and the ice cubes formed from it have a lower density and they tend to float on water Likewise, the molten rock material which has a higher density produces rocky plates which have a lower density and these move above sea level and form islands. When new plates are produced by the molten rock material, they start moving upwards thereby pushing the plates which were already formed. The plates suddenly start rising upwards due to intense pressure.
Similar to the ripples that are formed and expanded when a plate of water is hit at the centre from below with a finger, when the island simeulue, which was found in the central part of the Indian Ocean suddenly rose up, the water was pushed aside in all directions and only this resulted in Tsunami.
The frequent occurrences of earthquakes and Tsunami in Indonesia are only due to the sudden rising of the islands.
But, the geologists have come up with a different explanation for the earthquakes which occur there. They say that, about six and a half crores of years ago, India was an island on the southern part of the equator. It moved slowly towards north and collided with Asia about five crores of years ago and it is still continuing its movement. The geologists also opine that due to this movement, when the indo-Australian plate suddenly went below the Burmese plate on December 26th, 2004, an earthquake occurred. There is no truth in what they say because even six and a half crores of years ago India had been part of Asia in the same place as it is found now.
The fossils of mammals which lived in Asia six and a half years ago have been excavated in the form of bones by Professor Ashok Sahani of Punjab University and Professor G.V.R. Prasad of Jammu University in the village of Naskal at Andhra Pradesh and they prove that the above statement is true. So, as per the researchers’ opinion, India had not been an island on the southern part of the equator about six and a half crores of years ago
So, it is proved that even six and a half crores of years ago India had been part of Asia in the same place as it is found now and is not moving in the north eastern direction. Therefore the indo-Australian plate did not go suddenly below the Burmese plate. So the earth quakes on 26 -12 -2004 and 28 – 3 -2005 and the Tsunami are only the result of the rising of the island, simeulue, above its original level.
Earthquake is caused due to the movement of the land is a myth.
The most important thing that is missing in this view is that there is no explanation for why earthquake occurs in the centre of the land instead of the peripheral area. Actually the land is rising in different places. This is the reason why earthquakes occur only in the central parts of the land. To be specific, after an earthquake occurred on September 30th of 1993, in the village named Killari, it was found that the land had risen about three feet in height. This shows that the rise of the land is the cause of the earthquake.
‘Reasons for the Rise of the Earth’s Crust’
Earthquake is the effect of the rise of the land
On September 30th 1993, the earthquake that hit the village, killari, situated in central part of India resulted in the death of more than eight thousand people and raised the land surface about three feet high. This elevation was seen in an area of around two kilometers.
Why did the earthquake occur? The quake occurred only in killari, situated in central India and left two kilometers of land area raised. This proves that the earthquake occurred only due to the rise of the land.
Apart from this, the pictures taken by the satellite before the quake showed that the temperature of killari had also risen and the pictures taken after the quake showed it to be normal. After the earthquake occurred, on the borders of Andhra and Karnataka white colored smoke emitted from the ground.
Why did the land rise? Why was the temperature more? Why did the land emit white colored smoke?
We know that the molten rock material called magma is found inside the earth as we have seen it coming out through volcanoes. In the same way, when the molten rock, lava flows on the earth’s surface, we can see the condensed steam and other gases in the form of white colored smoke.
As the water and other hot gases are eliminated as steam, the molten rock cools down and turned in to rock. In the same way when the molten rock inside the earth starts cooling, water and Other hot gases come out in the form of white smoke. Due to this, the temperature of the land rises.
Moreover when the molten rock cools and as the water and hot gases get released, the rocky plates that are formed are of less thickness. For example: water has a higher density and the ice cubes formed from it have a lower density and float on water. Likewise, the molten rock material which has a higher density produces rocky plates which have a lower density and move above the level of the molten rock. In the same way, when new plates are produced by the molten rock material, they start moving upwards there by pushing the plates which were already formed. On account of this movement, the edges of the plates rub against each other thereby causing earthquakes.
For example, in 1356 an earthquake occurred in the city Basel in Switzerland which is situated in central Europe. In the same city, an organization which produces electricity using the heat from underground, drilled two holes of five meters each on the earth in the year 2006.
The project was to send cold water through the first hole which would be changed into steam using the heat of the molten rock and pushed out through the second hole and by rotating dynamos; this would be converted into electricity. But, on the eighth day after the water was sent inside the earth, in the same place, the Richter scale recorded an earthquake with an intensity of 3.4. Even if atom bombs are tested underground, earthquakes do not occur. How could the water which seeped inside produce an earthquake? This clearly shows that the water which seeped inside the earth cooled the molten rock which in turn formed new plates that rose up and caused the earthquake.
Volcanic activity in central Europe
Vogtland, which is situated in central Europe , had often been experiencing a number of minor earthquakes.
In the same place, a researcher by the name Dr,Karin brauer collected the bubbles which came out along with an underground spring in a marshy area and through his research, found out that gases were emitted from a volcano. Based on his research, he says that when the molten rock rises, the pressure of the gases increases and this results in the formation of cracks on rocks which may ultimately result in earthquakes.
But for millions of years in the past, these gases have been coming out of the earth. Apart from this, there are spaces for these gases to be eliminated. We have already seen this fact and the gases do not have enough pressure to bring about an earthquake.
A few years ago from the mountainous part of Nilgiris in India , smoke were seen emanating from earth, but fortunately no earthquake was caused. Likewise, Matsushiro in central Japan also experienced a number of mild quakes. To find out the reason for these quakes, a researcher by the name yoshida collected Water from the hot water springs found there and through experimentation discovered that the water was from the molten rock found underground.
So, she surmises that,” The water which is underground comes out with great pressure and this produces cracks on the rocky plates and this results in earthquakes”. But, the water and gases which are underground have been surfacing through the spaces found between the rocky plates for millions of years in the past. So, the reason for the continuous tremors and the elevation of land is only due to the slow rising of the rocky plates.
For example Wyoming found in central part of North America has more than three hundred hot water springs.
Due to the deposit of sulphur from the water, the rocks in that area appear yellowish in colour. So, the area of hot water springs is referred to as yellow Stone Park . Each year that place experiences about two thousand mild tremors. Between January, 2008 and March 2008, 287 tremors have rocked the place.
Moreover it has been found out through satellite research that the land area of 60 miles is continuously raising. To be specific, starting from 2004 till 2006, the land area has been rising at the rate of 2.8 inches every year and has risen to a height of seven inches in three years. It is still rising.But research scholars say that, it is only the effect of the expansion of the molten rock due to heat.
But the surfacing of the water only shows that the molten rock is cooling.
So the release of water and the gases from the molten rock cools the molten rock. This results in the formation of new plates and the rising in the land level in the central part of the continents and results in tremors in those areas only.
There will be an earthquake tomorrow
One week before an earthquake struck the city of haicheng on 30th February, 1975, on the north eastern part of China , it was officially announced that a quake would strike the city.
People abandoned their houses and assembled in an open area in the snow fall. For one week nobody did any work. As announced there was an earthquake of 7.3 magnitudes which was recorded on the Richter scale.
Two thousand and thirteen people lost their lives. It was estimated that if precaution had not been taken, the death toll would have exceeded one and a half lakhs! The whole world looked at China with surprise and when asked, they said that for the past one year slight tremors were occurring and they were gradually getting intensified. They also explained that, during the previous week there was tremendous change in the underground water table.
But, in the next year, the earthquake which struck the city of Tang Shan situated in the north eastern part of China killed two and a half lakhs of people and severely wounded more than one and a half lakhs of people.
The Chinese geologists said that on this occasion there were no preceding tremors. During the earthquake in haicheng, sulphur gas and in Tang Shan carbon-di-oxide were eliminated from underground. Regarding this incident, Carol Raymond is a geophysicist at NASA's, said “Only if we know how an earthquake is caused, we can warn about it in advance”.
How Does an Earthquake occur?
When the rocky plates under the ground rise and their edges rub with each other, an earthquake is caused. Moreover, the water and the gases found between them are under great pressure when these plates rise and so come above the surface of the earth.
Hence, it is understood that the hot gases and water which come out of the earth and the temperature changes are the most authentic warnings of an approaching earthquake. So, by closely and continuously monitoring the temperature changes through satellite observations and finding out the depth and temperature in which the molten rock is found in a particular place, the occurrence of an earthquake can be predicted in advance. Based on it, if precautions are taken, great loss to human life can be prevented.
Continents are rising
Why should the rocks on the sea shore shiver?
The reason for this is, when the continents rise, the rocky plates which are below the continent rub up and down on the adjacent rocky plates which are not rising causing the rocks to vibrate. The frequent turbulence of the sea at Kanyakumari is due to the tremors caused by the rocky plates rising below it. Moreover the frequent occurrence of the mud slides and the rocky landslides in the mountain regions of Ooty and Assam are attributed to the rising of those mountains.
Shivering borders of sea shore
86 percent of the thousand one hundred mile length of the Californian sea shore is shivering due to land slides. Land slides continue to take place even in dry seasons.
Previously people used to compete with each other to buy the houses situated on the sea edge facing the sea. But now, many houses have been affected by land slides. Some houses are hanging dangerously from very high rocks and some have fallen in to the sea and have caused the lives of people.
So the real estate people who build houses in this area are forced to guarantee that this place will be stable for 100 years.
But, the insurance companies have announced that they will not cover land slides in insurance. Similarly in Britain ’s Yorkshire area, within 10 years, 50 million pounds had to be spent to prevent land slides on the 72 kilometer length of Biles bay region. As the land slides often take place during the night, steps have also been taken to monitor continuously with the help of satellites.
For this purpose, 2 satellites, E.S.A. and E.R.S. have been fitted with Kodak D.C.S. =600 digital cameras and a micro light with G.P.S. receiver and is being monitored. Similarly on the sea shore of Scotland , 12,000 forts have been affected. Among these, more than hundred have historical importance. These are also notable national attractions which lure tourists and help to earn foreign exchange.
Why the houses, forts and light houses have been pushed to the stage of crumbling? The reason is, all the continents are rising from below the sea and coming above the sea level.
Once upon a time our earth was a planet of molten rocks which cooled down gradually, due to which the surface of the earth had numerous sedimentary rock ridges which constituted the crust.
As the molten rock, magma contains 8 to 14 percent of water, when the earth’s crust was formed the water got separated and formed the sea. Later when the molten rock inside the earth got cooled and hardened, larger rocky plates were formed.
As the ice which is of lower density floats on water, these rocky plates which are of a lower density than the molten rock, rise up to the surface of the molten rock and pushed the rocky crust already formed and this made the large land surfaces called continents to rise above sea level. We are living on this land surface. This land is rising once in a while due to which earthquakes occur.
Is it only because the level of the sea dropped those fossils of sea animals are found on the land and mountains?
90 percent of the ice on the earth is found on the continent of Antarctica . These ice sheets have remained without melting for thousands of years. Even if all these ice sheets melt completely and become water and enter the sea, the sea level will rise only (61m) 200 feet high.
Next is Greenland Island with maximum amount of ice. Even if all the ice melts completely and enters the sea, the sea level will rise only (7m) 20 feet high. Even if all the ice found on the whole of earth melts and flows into the sea, there is no possibility of the sea level rising more than 240 feet high.
The Australian continent is rising
Robert backer is a research scholar in the New England University of Australia .
Every Sunday to take rest, he used to visit the Sydney Harbor where he once played and enjoyed with his friends when he was young.
Incidentally one day, on the rocks he saw many nests made of lime and those resembled the nests of wasps. These nests were the nests of tubeworms which live in the sea. But, seeing it at such a height was something abnormal. The nests were about 7 feet above sea level where much erosion had not occurred.*(28)
These tubeworms need to be in water for at least six hours for survival. Under these circumstances, what could be the reason for the nests being built 7 feet above sea water level?
Backer was able to arrive at only one explanation. That is, the sea level in Sydney harbor has decreased by seven feet. And this must have taken place recently. If it had happened long before, the nests would have been eroded to a greater extent.
Immediately he conveyed the information to Professor Peter flood and Dr. Bob Haworth and they decided to conduct an elaborate research.
Subsequently, they went to the island New Caledonia which is 600 miles away from Australia and searched for the nests of the tubeworms. Curiously, there also they found the tubeworms’ nests at a height where the sea waves could not touch them.
Next, in island of Madagascar found near Africa in the Indian Ocean, in South Corona on the border of North American sea shore, and in South America on the sea shore of Brazil, they found the insects’ nests at a height above the sea level and based on their findings of 8 years, they finally announced that the sea level has fall down up to seven feet around the world.*(29)
But, they did not reveal why it has dropped. Where did all the sea water go? What happened to it? There was no explanation for these. It is more than three billion years since the seas were formed.
It is not possible for the sea to reduce its level throughout the world. So, only the continents have risen. This is the reason for the insects’ nests seen at a height above the sea level.
The South American Continent is rising.
Similar to the finding of fossils in the deserts, huge deposits of salt is also found.
The largest salt deposit of the world has been discovered in the desert region of Uyuni which is situated on the south western side of Bolivia in South America . This salt desert is of an area of 4600 square miles. Ten billion tons (1 billion = 100 crores) of salt is found here.*(30)
This place is situated 11 thousand feet high from sea level. When seen from there only salt is seen in all directions as far as the eye could see and so this area appears as a white region.
Similarly in Kavir desert in the Plateau of Iran, Death Valley in the central part of North America , Atacama Desert in South America , Great Victoria Desert in central Australia , Kalahari Desert and in Botswana in South Africa and Sahara Desert in North Africa , large deposits of salt are found. How could have salt of such magnitude be formed in deserts?
Already the fossils of sea organisms have been unearthed in deserts. So it is confirmed that all these deserts had been under the sea once upon a time and later have surfaced above from below the sea.
When the sandy area rose above the sea level, some areas were lower and the sea water which stagnated in due course got evaporated and the large deposits of salt were formed.
The Antarctica continent is rising.
In March 2002, on the eastern corner, peninsular area, in the continent of Antarctica situated at the South Pole, the ice sheets which form on the land and extend on the sea suddenly broke into hundreds of pieces and were thrown in all directions.
This incident surprised and stunned the scientists. Geologist Eugene Dumac of the Michigan University stated “This is a new event which has never happened before”. David Wagon, a research scholar of the British Antarctic Research center has stated, “It is difficult to believe that 500 billion ton of glacier had disintegrated in thirty five days.” *(31)
Generally, due to the changes in temperature the layers of snow and ice at the poles melt very slowly into water and mix with the sea.
To discuss the reason for the sudden breaking of the glacier on 4th and 5th April 2002 , more than 60 scientists from 12 countries assembled in Hamilton College and discussed. It was announced that, the defective formation of the glacier was only responsible for its disintegration.
Why should the formation of the glacier suddenly disintegrate?
The layers of ice are spread out continuously on the land as well as the sea. The truth is when the peninsular area of Antarctica rose upwards, the formation was affected and it broke into pieces. This part of Antarctica is under the British and hence the arthropod Trilobite’s fossils have been found. So the reason for the sudden breakage is that this particular continent is rising.
Similarly in Greenland at North Pole, sheets of ice covering the island had long cracks and these started sliding faster than before.
In the North Pole area near the border of Ellesmere Island is an ice shelf called Ward Hunt on which many cracks have formed during 2002.*(32)
Appearance of cracks on the ice shelves and these cracks breaking them, which had been silent for the past three thousand years, is only due to the difference in the rate of rising of the land surface and damaging the structure of the ice shelves.
A European research scholar, Dr.Remko scharroo after conducting a research through the satellite, ERS-1 has stated that, the level of the Arctic Ocean in the North Pole region is reduced by 2.17 millimeters starting from1995 – 2003.*(33)
According to this theory, temperature rise is not the reason for the cracking and breaking of the ice shelves. It is because; the increase in the temperature would have resulted in the melting of ice and increased the ocean level.
But, the level has decreased! So, it becomes clear that the rising of the islands is responsible for the cracking of the ice shelves and the lowering in the level of the ocean.
The sub continent, India is continuously rising.
In Sarathamangalam, which is near Kallakkudi in Trichy district of Tamilnadu, the fossil of a sea anemone which lived millions of years ago has been found. Apart from this, the fossils of turtle and sea plants have been discovered at the same place which is about 100 kilometers from the sea.*(34)
These fossils came up when there were heavy rains and were discovered. This news was reported in The Hindu daily, dated 06-09-2005 . Based on this, it is proved that Trichy and other areas were on once beneath the sea.
Then, why did the sea recede? It is because the sub Continent , India is rising from below sea level upwards above sea level. Similarly, in Gujarat near Kutch , the skeletons of whales which lived 45 million years ago have been discovered.*(35)
The skeleton of a whale which lived 53 million years ago has been discovered in the caves of Simla which is at the foot of the Himalayas . *(36).
Apart from this, the fossils of a sea arthropod called Trilobite (three lobed) which lived 500 million years ago under water has been unearthed in a mountainous place called Zankaskar near Kashmir , some 16,400 feet high on the Himalayas .
Similarly, on the western part of India also skeletons of whales have been discovered in Pakistan and in the sulaiman mountain ranges. Moreover, on the eastern side of India in Tibet , the skeleton of ichthyosaurus, a huge sea animal which lived 100 million years ago has been discovered at a small village called Dingiri
All these events prove that the sub continent, India was once beneath the sea and has come up above sea level and is still rising.
Sub marine mountains have risen to the surface
The sea moss and the coral reefs which grow in shallow waters where sunlight can reach are found on mountains all over the world.
Sea moss and the coral reefs are found in Canada in North America , Michigan in Central America , including Texas , Guadalupe Mountain which is 3700 feet high in Mexico , Alps Mountain in Europe , Ural Mountain in Russia which is in Asia , in Siberia and Flinders Mountain in Australia .
The reason for the sea moss, corals and the limestone produced by the secretions of sea creatures to be found on the mountain is, the mountain and its surrounding areas were once below the sea and have now risen up above sea level.
Moreover there is also a huge desert of salt at the foot of mount Guadalupe and this proves clearly that, this land surface has risen up from under the sea. When this land rose from below, the sea water that stagnated would have evaporated and created the salt desert.
During the recent under water earth quake near Sumatra which resulted in Tsunami and rocked the whole of South Asia , the sea bed near the island rose up to 5 feet high and exposed the coral reefs and sea moss. So, it is understood that, natural calamities like Tsunami, earth quakes and landslides occur only when mountains rise from inside the earth.
The remains of sea animals are all discovered all over the world only on mountains. To be specific, the fossils of a sea (three lobed) arthropod called Trilobite which lived 500 million (one million is equal to ten lakhs) years ago under water has been found on mountain rocks.
The sea organisms which live in shallow waters get buried alive when there is a land slide along with soil and wet mud. Later when this portion of the shore rises up above sea level, these buried creatures after millions of years would have become fossils.
The continuous process of rising of mountains from below the sea, enables us to find the fossils of the sea organisms in rocks found on mountains. While the mountains continue to rise, the surrounding areas experience land slides and this in turn exposes the fossils of the embedded sea organisms.
The fossils of Trilobite have been found on the mountains of all the seven continents of the world and in more than thirty places on earth. This clearly shows that these mountains and continents have surfaced from below the sea.
To be specific, thousands of fossils of Trilobite are found on the three continents surrounding the Pacific Ocean .
The continent of North America is situated on the eastern side of the Pacific Ocean . Burgess quarry which is situated on the Rocky Mountain in British Columbia , there are about 30, 000 fossils of Trilobite are found on the exposed slate. This place is about 500 miles away from the Pacific Ocean and at 8000 feet high above the sea level.
On the western side of the Pacific Ocean , the continent of Asia is situated. In the Jinjiang district of China recently numerous buried fossils of Trilobite have been discovered on the mountain regions. This mountain region is 350 miles away from the sea and 6200 feet above sea level.
Recently marine fossils have also been discovered in the land locked Sichuan region where the huge earthquake rocked.*(37)
On the southern region of the Pacific Ocean , the continent of Australia is located. On the southern side of this continent, Adelaide Harbor is situated. On Ediyacara Mountain which is 650 kilometers on the northern side also fossils of Trilobite have been found. This mountain region is 1900 feet above sea level.
The three places, where the buried fossils of Trilobite were found lie around the Pacific Ocean and are hundreds of miles away and thousands of feet higher than sea level which clearly shows that all these land surfaces have risen from the depth of the Pacific Ocean .
An important feature to be noted is that all the land lies on one side and the Pacific Ocean on the other side. The total area of the Pacific Ocean is 5.9 million square miles. This is more than the area of all the land on the earth put together.
The Pacific Ocean is connected with all the other oceans of the earth. Three fourths of water and one fourth of land is what we see on the earth. Hence, as the land rose gradually, the remains of sea animals are found on the mountains.
The fossils of a sea animal called Trilobite which lived 500 million years ago under water have been unearthed on the mountains all over the earth. This proves that millions of years ago, all these mountains were under the sea and have gradually risen above sea level.
At many places on the mountains, sea shells have been found in abundance. Based on this, it can be argued that the seas may have receded from the mountains!
Where did the sand on Marina beach come from?
The sand on the sea shore of Marina Beach was brought by the waves which deposited the sand there. But, what is the reason for the sand that was deposited by the sea waves to be found now above sea level?
We cannot think that the sea level has gone down. It is because the area of the sea is more than that of the land which is only one fourth. Moreover excluding the continent of Antarctica , all the other six continents have sandy sea shores on their coastal areas. So, if we say that the sea level has gone down, it applies to the whole world.
But, speaking about the whole world, there is no reason for the water level to drop. So, due to the rising of the land that is, the continents only, the sand deposited by the waves has risen above the sea level.
For example, Hawaii Islands are situated in the center of the Pacific Ocean . Originally these islands were volcanoes in the sea bed and later rose up above the sea level. On the southern side of the Hawaiian island is filled with green colored sand. It is because, it is formed with an element called Olivine. Usually Olivine is found in the sea bed rock, basalt.
While the island of Hawaii rose up from the sea, as the sea waves eroded the basalt rock, the Olivine green sand also rose upward above sea level and formed the green colored sea shore. Similarly in the area where volcanic mountain rocks are found on the Hawaii Island , black colored sea shore sand is seen.
As the sand brought by the sea waves and deposited at the bottom of the sea is seen above the sea level, we can come to a conclusion that the Hawaii Island has only risen. We cannot take a decision that the Pacific Ocean ’s level has gone down. Similarly the sand found on the Marina has also been brought by the sea waves and deposited at the bottom of the sea. But, the reason for the sand to be found above the sea level is that the land has risen up.
Similarly, when large areas of land like islands and continents rise, earthquakes occur.
The mystery of missing water
I will disclose another important matter. In the year 1990, environmental scientists released a very important report. In that they had stated that the atmosphere is heated too much and so the glaciers are melting and due to this action, within ten years the sea level will rise.
They warned that when this happens, all the nine tiny islands like Tuvalu and Vanuatu will get submerged in the sea. Immediately, the President of Tuvalu which is in the Pacific Ocean wrote a letter to the president of New Zealand .
He had stated that as per the calculations of the environmentalists, their island will get submerged in ten years time and in case such an event takes place, shelter has to be provided on compassionate grounds to the inhabitants of the island as environmental refugees.
Ten years passed but, no island sank! At the same time, the scientists of NASA had found out through research that in the polar region, ice has melted and fifty billion tons of water had mixed with the sea. Though enormous amount of water flowed into the sea why the islands did not sink?
Interestingly, when the level of sea was checked near the islands, the sea level was found to be two and a half inches lower than before.*(25) This incident clearly shows us that the islands are rising.
Isle of the Dead is continuously rising.
There is another very clear proof to show that the islands are rising. On the world map, near Antarctica Ross Sea is marked. Captain Sir. James Clark Ross went on an expedition from Britain to Antarctica in two ships during 1841 and it is named after him.
After his expedition in Antarctica , Captain Ross on his way to Britain rested for a while in Tasmania Island which is near Australia .
Along with Thomas Lempriere, a researcher carved a 20 centimeter length benchmark of a rising sun on a rock on the sea shore to mark the average level of the sea and to signify that they were conducting a research on the level of the sea water. As they did not want anyone to erase it, they chose the Isle of the Dead which was a deserted spot.
This island is near Tasmania . As this island was used to bury only dead people, it was called Isle of the Dead. They chose a rock where there was not much of waves and carved a straight line on which they drew like the rays of the sun diverging from it. This symbol was carved on the 1st of July in the year 1841. To be precise, 160 years ago from this day the symbol was carved. *(26)
Today, the level of the sea is 30 centimeters lower than the symbol. Hence, this incident also makes it clear that the land is rising.
The sea caves indicate Andaman Islands are continuously rising.
In the same way, near the islands which are situated in the sea near Australia also the level of the sea has been found to vary in different places. The main reason for the difference in sea level is that these islands are rising in different speeds.
In the small streak like Andaman Island in the Indian Ocean , many sea caves are found. Below these caves, tourists go on boat rides. The sea caves’ upper curve is in such a height.
The reason for the curvature of the caves that were formed due to erosion by the sea to be found at such a height is that Andaman Island is rising from the seashore.
It is not possible for the Indian Ocean which is surrounding the Andaman Island to suddenly decrease. There is one more proof to show that Andaman Island is rising: the snake basalt rocks which are formed under the sea are found on Andaman Island .
Only due to the rising of Andaman Island from the sea bed, earthquakes often occur there. The rising rocky plate’s edges below the island rub up and down against the non-rising neighboring earth plates which results in earthquakes.
Therefore, the reason for the earthquakes is only the rising of the land and for the land slides also only the rising of the land is responsible.
When a part of the land rises, below the surrounding land areas an open space is created. When it rains, the rain water fills up this space which makes the soil marshy and results in land slides.
The caves which are found on the edge of the seashore become caves on mountains when the land rises.
In the mountainous region of Srilanka, many spherical caves have formed. The spherical caves show us clearly that while Srilanka was rising, these caves were formed due to the erosion by the surrounding sea water.
The most important thing to be noted here is that the lands surrounding these caves have only encountered severe land slides which are clearly shown by the map. So, when the land and mountains rise, land slides result.
Sea caves indicate that the continents are rising.
On all the continents found on earth, caves are seen on the sea shore. To be specific, surrounding the continent Europe , there are numerous sea caves. These sea caves are formed due to the erosion caused by the sea. The roofs of caves thus formed are 20 or 30 feet above sea level.
Small ships can travel through most of the caves. How could have the roofs of caves which were formed due to the erosion by the sea have gone up to such a height?
Many sea caves are found on the sea shore many hundreds of feet away from the sea and many feet high from the sea level. Many sea caves are also found dry without water.
All these caves, the islands on which they are situated, the land surfaces and the continents show us clearly that the land is continuously rising from the sea.
They say that when two land surfaces collide with each other, mountain ranges are formed. But, the Crete mountain region shows clearly that it did not form by the collision of a land.
Rising of sea level is different in different places!
Similarly when the sea level surrounding Europe was monitored by satellite for a long period, it has been found out that the sea level is rising at different rates in different places.
How the same sea level can be low at a particular place and rise at other places? The sea level is measured in comparison with the nearby land level. That is, the waves that are got back from the satellite are sent back on the land and the sea at the same time.
When these waves collide with the land and the sea bed and return, from the difference in speed with which they return helps us to calculate the level of the water in the sea.
With the help of the details thus collected and compared, it has been found out that the sea level is different at different places surrounding the continent of Europe . *(27)
Though it has been said that the reason for this is that the land in that area is higher, researchers are of a different opinion.
They call this rise as Glacial Isostatic Adjustment. They say that, previously layers of snow was exerting a pressure on Europe and that, now these have melted and so the land is rising further .specially they say, Scotland, which is on the northern side of Europe is rising fast and is gaining more height than South England .
But, this is not a proper explanation. The fossils of the arthropod, Trilobite are found in Dudley , situated in central England . So, including England the whole of Europe has risen from the seabed 500 million years ago and is still rising.
Iceland surfaced only 12 thousand years ago. But the fossils of Trilobite assure that 500 million years ago the continent of Europe had started rising and is still continuing to rise.
When the land is rising, how can the earth sink?
Land surface is rising only at a particular point. At first, when the land rose in some areas, the sea water which was expelled from within the earth filled the pits which were formed. Once the pits were filled, the sea level started to rise. This is the reason why the area covered by the sea is more than that of the land.
Additionally, due to the water which came out of the hot springs situated near thousands of volcanoes submerged below the sea, the level of the sea continues to rise. To be precise, the fossils of whales which lived fifty million years ago have been discovered on the continents. In twenty million years, the sea level has risen to two kilometers high.
Hence, the level of the sea is rising very fast. Land surfaces are sinking. 40,000 years ago the sea level had been 4000 feet lower than it is now. At this juncture, the land surfaces on which people live are situated only 2000 feet above the sea level. As the sea level is rising, the earth is also simultaneously sinking.
Sinking towns
As the sea level is rising, its effect has already been witnessed in more than 20 cities. Among the total population of the earth, about ten percent of people that is, 640 million people live on the low lying sea coast areas. So, these are the people who would be affected more by the rising of the sea.
Bangkok, the Venice of the east
As the sea is rising, Scientists have predicted that not only Venice but Bangkok, the capital of Thailand would be submerged within the year 2030.The daily, Times has published that Bangkok would sink with in this century. As excess water is being drawn from the 11,000 wells in that city, the under water resource is getting depleted and the land surface is sinking. As a result of this, the city is sinking four inches every year.
Dead trees
Similarly, in the study conducted by the World Bank, it has come to light that, Indonesia ’s capital, Jakarta is also sinking at a fast pace. Researchers have predicted that within the year 2025, many parts of that city will be submerged in water at a depth of 15 feet. Already in the city Mura Pura, sea water entered and stagnated in the fishermen area which resulted in the decay of two trees in that area. It has been found out that just like Venice ; Manila the capital of Philippines is also sinking in water.
Permission denied for burying the dead
On the eastern part of America , near the shore of the Atlantic Ocean , New Orleans city is situated six feet above sea level. So, whenever there is a storm or the sea is rough, sea water enters the city. Even though tall stone and mud walls of 50 to 100 feet height are built to prevent this, sea water continues to enter the city by breaking them. Hence, the city officials have forbidden the burial of dead bodies in the cemetery. When the sea water submerges the cemetery, the dead bodies would decay and spread communicable diseases. To prevent this, the dead are buried in specially guarded buildings.
According to satellite study, it is found that New Orleans city is sinking at the rate of three feet per year.
Sinking cities
The International Research Center Pacific Ocean and Weather Change has announced that like Bangkok, Dacca in Bangladesh, Buenos Aires in Argentina, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Shanghai and Dian Jim in China, Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, Mumbai and Kolkata in India, Jakarta in Indonesia, Tokyo in Japan, Osaka, Kope, Lagos in Nigeria, Karachi in Pakistan, New York and Los Angeles in America are the cities that are sinking.
SUMMARY
· The main reason for fossils of sea animals to be found on the land is that all the continents had been once below the sea and have later risen up.
· Similarly, the presence of earthworms and frogs which have delicate bodies and cannot cross season far off, isolated islands indicate that many thousands of years ago the sea level had been many thousands of feet lower and has risen up now.
· Thousands of hot water springs continuously spurting out water mixed with the sea and this resulted in the rising of the sea level.
· When the molten rock material inside the earth cools down slowly, hardens and gets converted into tectonic (rocky) plates, the steam which is released condenses and forms water and this comes out from inside the earth through the hot water springs and keeps mixing with the sea water.
· As the hot gases and steam get released from the molten rock material inside the earth, the molten rock gives rise to less dense tectonic plates. Apart from that, the thickness of the rocky plates also increases.
· When rocky plates of lesser density are formed from the molten rock material of higher density, they float just like ice floating on water and move upwards. During their movement their edges rub against each other which results in earthquakes.
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